直接成本

Oilfield extensive use of high-pressure injection pump unit is a major oil field production equipment is directly related to the quality and production of oil production, water injection unit strengthened to improve the condition monitoring of production efficiency and lower production costs have high practical significance.

油田广泛应用的高压注水泵机组是油田生产的重要设备，直接关系到油田生产的质量和产量，加强对注水机组的状态监测对提高生产效率、降低采油成本有着较高的实际意义。

Taking the drawing die for the wheel spoke as an example, a method by adopting the rigid blank_holding ring after refining treatment, and by controlling the clearance between the blank_holding ring and the matrix surface and reducing the curvature radium of the matrix mouth was introduced.

以车轮轮辐拉伸模为例，介绍采用调质处理的刚性压边圈，并通过控制压边圈与凹模平面的间隙和减小凹模口圆角半径的方法，能够实现在普通压力机上直接拉伸，使制件质量稳定、操作简便，并降低了生产成本，提高了材料的利用率。

At the side of control shipbuilding cost, we can take many measures, but to conformity purchasing of decentralization is notability signification.

在造船成本控制方面，可以采取的措施很多，但对于目前分散低效的采购活动进行整合改善，其效果无疑是最直接和最显著的意义。

The passenger train plan directly influences railway passenger transport demand and cost of enterprises.

列车开行方案直接影响旅客运输的需求和铁路企业的成本支出。

Therefore, photoelectric conversion efficiency of the current restrictions on the amount of solar energy use for electric cars, solar energy directly, as if the momentum will lead to a solar panel the size is too large, inconvenient to install, plus the cost of Too high, its usefulness would be greatly reduced.

由此可以看出，光电转换效率限制了目前对太阳能量的利用，对于电动车来说，若直接以太阳能作为动力，将导致太阳能电池板的面积过大，安装不方便，再加上成本过高，其实用性将大大降低。

Pillared montmorillonite, as a representative of Sandwich like pillared interlayered clays ,caught many scientist"s attention not only because of its special structure of two-dimensional sheets but also its excellent activity of catalysis and adsorption. It is well documented that the method to prepare PILM, ion-exchanging, needed a long periods and was affected by many factors, and that the product had low thermal stability especially hydro-thermal stability which was the primary obstruction of its using in large-scale production. At the same time, PILM was well documented prepared with Na-montmorillonite, while there were a few documents about PILM prepared with Ca-montmorillonite. The large cost of remodel of Ca-montmorillonite to Na-montmorillonite was another obstacle of the application of PILM, while Ca-montmorillonite was widely distributed in nature, as a result, to prepare PILM with Ca-montmorillonite has practical significance. What"s more, PILM was mainly studied as a catalyst in oil refining process till now, but rarely documented in other catalysis reactions, especially in coal liquification filed which also needed high activity catalyst.

以柱撑蒙脱石为代表的具有"三明治"结构的柱撑粘土矿物因其特殊的二维孔道结构和优良的催化和吸附性能近年来成为国内外广泛关注和研究的热点，但是目前国内外大量报道的PILM制备大多采用离子交换法，生产周期很长，影响因素很多，并且产物热稳定性不够高，特别是水热稳定性较差，这是其不能在实际中大规模生产和应用的主要障碍，因此制备一种高稳定性的PILM意义非常；文献中大量报道的都是钠基蒙脱石合成的柱撑粘土矿物，传统的离子交换法必须将钙基蒙脱石钠化改型，其成本相当高，而自然界中大量存在的却是钙基蒙脱石，直接用钙基蒙脱石合成柱撑粘土矿物有很现实的意义，但目前这方面的报道却很少见；另外，迄今为止，PILM作为催化剂的研究领域主要在石油的炼制中应用，而在煤炭的液化中却鲜有报道，如果能在煤炭转化领域应用这一成果，其影响也将是相当大的。

Pillared montmorillonite, as a representative of Sandwich like pillared interlayered clays ,caught many scientist's attention not only because of its special structure of two-dimensional sheets but also its excellent activity of catalysis and adsorption. It is well documented that the method to prepare PILM, ion-exchanging, needed a long periods and was affected by many factors, and that the product had low thermal stability especially hydro-thermal stability which was the primary obstruction of its using in large-scale production. At the same time, PILM was well documented prepared with Na-montmorillonite, while there were a few documents about PILM prepared with Ca-montmorillonite. The large cost of remodel of Ca-montmorillonite to Na-montmorillonite was another obstacle of the application of PILM, while Ca-montmorillonite was widely distributed in nature, as a result, to prepare PILM with Ca-montmorillonite has practical significance. What's more, PILM was mainly studied as a catalyst in oil refinin g process till now, but rarely documented in other catalysis reactions, especially in coal liquification filed which also needed high activity catalyst.

以柱撑蒙脱石为代表的具有"三明治"结构的柱撑粘土矿物因其特殊的二维孔道结构和优良的催化和吸附性能近年来成为国内外广泛关注和研究的热点，但是目前国内外大量报道的PILM制备大多采用离子交换法，生产周期很长，影响因素很多，并且产物热稳定性不够高，特别是水热稳定性较差，这是其不能在实际中大规模生产和应用的主要障碍，因此制备一种高稳定性的PILM意义非常；文献中大量报道的都是钠基蒙脱石合成的柱撑粘土矿物，传统的离子交换法必须将钙基蒙脱石钠化改型，其成本相当高，而自然界中大量存在的却是钙基蒙脱石，直接用钙基蒙脱石合成柱撑粘土矿物有很现实的意义，但目前这方面的报道却很少见；另外，迄今为止，PILM作为催化剂的研究领域主要在石油的炼制中应用，而在煤炭的液化中却鲜有报道，如果能在煤炭转化领域应用这一成果，其影响也将是相当大的。

Is better than that of using Na〓S merely and the profit per year is over 6, 000, 000 yuan. External potential-control flotation column and The Cu-Mo bulk concentrates flotation separation. With appropriate combination of the principle of sulphide flotation pulp electrochemistry and the technology of flotation column show the advantage over flotation equipment, External potential-control flotation column was studied successfully, laboratory potential-control flotation column was designed and its structural principle, the relationship of electrode structure and the activity of separation, the electrochemistry principle of potential-control flotation column also was investigated.

用具有较强电化学还原能力的无机物（如硫化钠、连二亚硫酸盐等）与能和硫化铜矿物表面发生选择性吸附的小分子有机化合物组合使用、成功地实现了混合精矿体系中黄铜矿的抑制、解决了德兴铜矿铜钼混合精矿浮选分离时、硫化钠用量大、生产成本高，生产指标不稳定的技术难题，研究结果表明，用组合抑制剂3.8kg/t可取代生产中硫化钠45kg/t的高用量，并获得优于单用硫化钠的好指标，年直接经济效益600万元以上。

We introduce convex,and in particular semidefinite,optimization methods,duality and complexity theory to shed new light to this relation for the single stock problem, given moments of the prices of the underlying assets,we show that we can find best possible bounds on option prices with general payoff funcations efficiently,either algorithmically(solving a semidefinite optimization problem)or in closed form, conversely,given observable option prices,we provide best possible bounds on moments of the prices of the underlying assets,as well as on the prices of the other options on the same asset by sovling linear optimization problems for options that are affected by multiple stocks either directly(the payoff of the option depends on multiple stocks)or indirectly(we have information on correlations between stock prices),we find on-optimal bounds using convex optimization methods,however,we show that it is NP-hard to find best possible bounds in multiple dimensions,we extend our results to incorporate transactions costs,this paper,in theory and practice can provide a reference to researchers and designers about Chinese financial derivative products,the full text is divided into six chapters as follows: ChapterⅠ:Papers on the background and significance of the subjects on a number of option pricing models as well as their advantages and shortcomings of the model and describes the status of research and writing papers and the main contents of the basic idea.

相应地，给定期权价格，也能够出标的资产瞬时价格的最有可能的最好的界。还有通过解决一个线性最优化问题，根据同一标的资产的其他期权的价格来找到这个期权的界值，对于期权受到多种股票价格直接影响(期权的收益依赖于多种股票)或者间接影响(我们有股票之间联系的有用信息)，如果使用凸规划方法我们就会发现没有最优的界，也能够证明对于多维情形确实是很难找到最优的最有可能的界值，最后将这一结论推广到考虑交易成本的情况。本文在理论和实践上给我国金融衍生产品研究者和设计者提供一定的参考。全文共分为六章，具体安排如下：第一章：阐述论文的选题背景和意义，介绍期权定价的一些模型以及这些模型的优点与缺点，并介绍国内外研究的现状以及论文的写作基本思路与主要内容。

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is a direct band gap semiconductor with optical band gap energy of 2.0 - 2.5eV. It is a non-stoichiometric p-type semiconductor. The attractiveness of cuprous oxide as a photovoltaic materials because of its high absorption coefficient in visible regions, non-toxicity, abundantly available starting material on the earth and low cost producibility.

氧化亚铜为直接能隙P型半导体材料，是属於一种非化学计量比缺陷半导体(non stoichiometric defect semiconductor)，光学能隙值约在2.1-2.5eV之间，具有低制造成本、无毒性、起始材料在自然界中含量丰富等优点，并且在可见光范围内具有相当高的光吸收系数，因此主要的应用可用来制造太阳能电池元件。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。