直接影响

The total influence is the sum of the direct influence and the indirect influence. By comparing the total influence of the economic-social factors and the bearing-controlled factors, this paper makes out the primary effect factor of the fertility level.

直接影响与间接影响之和即为总影响，通过比较经济社会因素和生育控制因素对生育水平的总影响，解析出1990年代中国生育水平的主要影响因素。

In order to reduce the bandwidth for broadcasting the traditional TV signals, the interlaced video signals are used to transmit, but the flat-panel displays can not directly display the interlaced signals.

中文摘要爲了降低电视广播时的频宽，电视系统采用交错式的影像讯号来传送，但是平面显示器无法直接将交错式讯号直接播放，必须经过解交错的处理，将交错式讯号还原为循序式讯号，而解交错演算法的好坏，将直接影响显示器的画质。

The effectiveness of the equilibrium credit rationing behavior to our monetary policy mainly express in following aspects: The first, the creation of the equilibrium credit rationing behavior influence the National Central Bank's activity of adjusting the control of foundational monetary directly; The second, the existence of the equilibrium credit rationing behavior inevitably influence the effectiveness of the National Central Bank controls the policy of the market interest rate; The third, the equilibrium credit rationing behavior would influence the monetary multiplicator; The fourth, the existence of the equilibrium credit rationing behavior would result the partition of the credit market.

均衡性信贷配给对我国货币政策的影响主要表现在以下几个方面：第一，均衡信贷配给的产生直接影响中央银行调控基础货币投放的主动性；第二，均衡信贷配给的存在必然影响中央银行控制市场利率政策的效力；第三，均衡性信贷配给影响货币乘数；第四，信贷配给的存在导致信贷市场的分割。

Internationally acknowledged academic periodicals of comprehensive or first-rate disciplines are mainly published on weekly or semimonthly basis, domestic professional periodicals are also having their publishing cycle shortened.

其实，内容与形式的关系是辩证的，在一定的条件下形式也会影响内容，学报发刊周期的长短，就会直接影响学报论文的信息传播速度和范围，从而影响学报的被引频次和影响因子。

In west, there is not a generally accepted opinion, though there are much theoretical and empirical evidence, there are two theories: Dividend policy is relevant, vintner study dividend policy about dividend signaling by positive research, Jensen and Meckling created agency cost theory, they provide and analysis of the affects of agency conflicts among corporate stockholders, corporate managers and creditor; they suggest that management stock ownership can reduce agency cost by aligning their interests with shareholder's interest.

因为一定量的内部留存收益是保证公司长期发展的重要资金来源，而股利则为股东提供当期收入，股东对股利的不同偏好直接影响公司未来的股票价格，从而影响公司的发展，因此，在信息不对称的条件下，如何将公司实现的收益在股东和内部留存之间进行合理分配，以制定一个合理的股利政策，使股利的发放与公司的未来持续发展相适应，并使公司股票价格稳中有升，便成了公司管理层难以处理的实际问题，也使得对影响我国股利分配政策影响因素的研究变的尤为重要。

When the gas flux is constant, the ratio of reduced resistance is improved with the increase of the water stream velocity. However, the relationship between the gas flux and the ratio of reduced resistance is more complex. When the water stream velocity is constant, if the gas flux is small in contrast, the effectiveness of reduced resistance is not obvious. But when the gas flux increased, the jetted gas will form """"archform"""" which will augment the shape resistance. In this condition, resistance could not be reduced and could even be increased, if the gas flux continues to be increased. So that there needs setting a baffle called step, which introduces the jetted gas into the turbulence boundary layer. In this case, the shape resistance may be fairly great. Besides, the waterline of model has also some effect on the ratio of reduced resistance, which acts on the size of wave. If waterline is deep, the wave could not affect the deployment of microbubble layer, so there is almost no effect on ratio of reduced resistance. However, the wave would affect distributing of microbubble layer under the model so that the gas could leak out from the two sides of model and directly affect the ratio of reduce resistance if the waterline is very small. Whether installing the dashplate or not has also the great influence on the effectiveness the ratio of reduced resistance. From the results of experiment, conclusion is that adding dashplate will greatly improve the effectiveness of reduced resistance.

当喷气量一定时，水流速度增大，减阻率提高；喷气量与减阻率之间的关系比较复杂，速度一定时，如果喷气量较小，减阻效果就比较差，但当喷气量增大的话，喷射出的气体就会形成一个&拱度&，增加了船模的形状阻力，在这种情况下最好采取断阶喷气，把气体引入到湍流边界层中，在这种情况下，船模的形状阻力比较大；船模的吃水对减阻率也有一定的影响，主要表现在波浪大小上，如果吃水较深，波浪影响不到微气泡层的分布，对减阻率不会造成太大影响，如果吃水较浅，波浪就会影响到微气泡层在船模底部的覆盖情况，可能会有部分微气泡从船模两侧泄漏，这样就直接影响到了减阻效果；是否安装压浪板，对减阻率也有较大的影响，从试验结果可以看出，在船模尾部加设了压浪板时，减阻效果明显得到改善。

And thus I provide the evidence to undermine the commonly held opinion that China's public companies improved their performance by increasing financial leverage ratio. Seventhly, the international comparison reveals that the development of capital market has direct influence on the industry performance and the capital markets of developed countries are more effective than those of developing ones. Whether the finance system is bank-dominated or capital-market-dominated means little to the effectiveness of capital market and also the industry productivity. Eighthly, capital market, bank and FDI differ markedly in the mechanism of financing selection, supervisory effectiveness and industry characteristics. Averagely, capital market is the most appropriate mechanism among the three out-sourcing financing, considering the supervisory cost and effectiveness comprehensively. Certainly, some flaws remain in this study.

因此，我们认为，中国各产业上市公司产业绩效的提高不是通过提高财务杠杆比例来实现的；第七，基于资本市场自身的国际比较研究表明，资本市场发展程度直接影响其对产业绩效的改善和促进程度，成熟市场的资本配置效率显著高于新兴市场，而金融体系以银行为主导还是以资本市场为主导，并不影响资本市场功能的有效发挥，也不对产业绩效的影响产生效率上的差异，仅仅表现为在多大规模或范围内对产业绩效产生影响；第八，基于资本市场、银行贷款及外商投资3种外源融资方式对产业绩效影响的比较研究，三种方式在融资选择机制、监督力以及所影响的产业特征方面均存在显著差异，三者对不同产业绩效的影响呈现互补作用，而资本市场是监督成本与效力结合较好的融资方式。

CO〓 and soil water affected aphid population indirectly through the direct effects on the wheat characteristics. The population increase was due to both high adult fecundity and shortened nymphal period.

3在700ppm范围内CO〓对禾谷缢管蚜的直接影响很小，CO〓和土壤水分对禾谷缢管蚜种群的影响主要来源于间接影响，即通过影响小麦的理化性质进而影响蚜虫的个体行为和种群大小。

Due to the above problems in ascertaining capitalization rates, it can be assumed that capitalization rate is one of the main factors in causing risks in REA. Thus, the ascertaining of capitalization determines the accuracy of profitable housing properties appraisal. On the other hand, it indirectly influences the rationality of the re-composition of capitals and the structural modulation. Furthermore, it influences the legitimate rights of the privies involved in real estate dealings; it influences the standardization of real estate markets; it influences the risks involved in real estate financing; it also influences real estate taxation.

因此资本化率的确定直接影响收益型房地产估价的准确性，间接影响资产重组和结构调整的合理性，影响房地产交易各方当事人的合法权益，影响房地产市场的规范性，影响房地产融资风险、房地产税的征管工作等各方面；而且目前，对资本化率的确定方法并不统一，有着多种做法，有时这些做法的估价结果相差极大，因此，对资本化率进行深入研究是非常有必要的。

Bubbling temperature direct affect the diameter and the distribution of bubbles; Bubblier is a main factor which influence the bubble structure of foam glass. To select different bubblier results in different craft. To add stabilizer directs affect the melt viscosity, besides superficial expansion.

在泡沫玻璃烧结过程中，发泡温度(760～950℃)影响泡径及气泡的分布状态；发泡剂是影响泡沫玻璃制品泡孔结构的主要因素，发泡剂不同，发泡时间不同，则气泡的泡径和开闭口的情况就不同；在泡沫玻璃烧结过程中，稳泡剂的加入直接影响粘度，粘度过高气泡不易产生，粘度过低气泡极易逸出，两者都不利于产生所要求数量的气泡；另外，表面张力和配料中的水对发泡也有一定的影响。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。