盖层

Here have formed in about 14 million years ago to 3 million years between the Mesoproterozoic Jixian System Yunmeng Mountain Group - Upper Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation, exposed systems and complete; has Archaean - Early Mesoproterozoic basement, but also has the typical structure of relics, such as the basement Archaean gneissic complex structure, Early Mesoproterozoic supracrustal rocks at the end of secluded fornix structure, super-nappe cover, ductile shear zone tectonics, ductile - brittle deformation structure of brittle fault cleft construction, single-sided Hill Construction, as well as the cap structure of the collapse, landslides and other structure.

这里有形成于距今约14亿年～3亿年间的中元古界蓟县系云梦山组—上石炭统太原组地层，出露系统而完整；有太古界—早元古界基底，还有典型的构造遗迹，诸如基底太古界片麻杂岩构造，早元古界表壳岩的底僻穹窿构造，盖层的超覆构造，韧性剪切带构造，韧-脆性变形构造，脆性断裂构造，单面山构造，以及盖层中的垮塌构造，滑坡构造等。

Sedimentary control of coalbed methane in this region were expounded according to the control and influence of sedimentation on coal gathering action (thickness of coal reservoirs, distributing and coal-bearing characteristics), on forming and distributing, maceral, organic facies and coalfacies, cap formation types and their sealing capability of adjoining rock.

根据沉积作用对聚煤作用（煤储层的厚度、分布及含煤性特征），对煤储层的形成与展布、煤岩组成、有机相和煤相、顶底板盖层类型与封盖性能的控制和影响，讨论了沉积作用的控气特征。

Canopy transpiration and latent heat transfer progress have been specially treated in themacro-thermal-environment simulation program,by which,the effects of outside solar radiation andair temperature,greenhouse insulation,and backwall and floor on the macro-thermal-environmentcan be simulated.

根据上述模型就室外太阳辐射、室外气温、温室的保温、温室后墙和地面的蓄放热等对生态温室主体热环境的影响进行了模拟，证明温室透光盖层在白天损失了大量热量，建议改进盖层的透光保温综合性能；一面坡温室后墙和地面对室内的放热贡献相近，但后墙向外界的热损失是其向室内放热的2倍左右，其具体大小还与后墙的尺寸等因素有关。

Moreover,the relationship between volcanic rock and three pool-forming factors, including oilsource rock, reservoir strata and cap rock, determined the different types of volcanicrock typal reservoir (a kind of oil and gas reservoir relates to volcanic rock), finally,conclusion points out the beneficial combination of generation, accumulation andsealing.

并从火山活动在油气形成中的作用入手，分别讨论火山岩与生油岩、储集层和盖层的关系，总结出火山岩类油气藏类型，指出有利生储盖组合。

According to the development characteristics of regional caprocks,great efforts have been made to analyse the effect of it on oil and gas accumulation and preservation in different aspects. We consider regional caprocks to be the good barriers to prevent oil and gas in free phase from escaping. If uncompacted and possessing abnormal pore fluid pressure,regional caprocks are the barriers to prevent oil and gas in water dissolving phase from escaping.

根据区域性盖层的发育特征，从不同侧面对其在油气聚集与保存中所起的作用进行了深入分析，认为区域性盖层通常是阻止游离相油气逸散的良好区域物性屏障；如果其欠压实，具异常孔隙流体压力，它还可以成为阻止水溶相油气逸散的区域压力屏障；如果其再具生烃能力，还可以成为阻止扩散相天然气逸散的区域浓度屏障。

Lithologies are mostly sand and carbonate rocks, caps are mud rock, shale and magmatite. Entrap types are anticline, fault block rebuilt by breaking and the screened entrap diapered rock mass. The composition is CO_2, N_2, CH_4, C_2H_6 and He etc. It is magma air source body and its geologic fashions are intrusion and buried volcanic conduit. The relations between gas reservoirs and gas source bodies have three types: magma intrusion-breaking-communicated gas reservoir, magma intrusion-contacted CO_2 reservoir and buried volcanic conduit-contacted gas reservoir. The CO_2 migration in magma intrusion is consisted of fusing and crystallizing phases;it in volcanic conduit is consisted of near-surface effusion and crystallizing phases.The buoyancy of CO_2 in water far more than migration resistance in breaking or chink, CO_2 is easy float upward, the floating can results in differentiation of different density gases and concentration of sealed gas. The gas in sand reservoir firstly migrate into the higher porosity and coefficient of permeability sand, and along with the pressure going up it migrate into the lower. In magma intrusion-breaking-reservoir migration, CO_2 firstly migrate into watered breaking, began gravity differentiation and concentrate, the gas pressure time and again go up, CO_2 migrate into reservoir and concentrate under expansibility as the pressure reach upward a given extend. The CO_2 in reservoir experience four breaking modes: chemistry deposition, dissolution, diffusion and mechanic breaking, the pressure balance can be broken by faulting and the CO_2 will further migrate and form new reservoir.

济阳坳陷已发现的八里泊、阳25、平方王、平南、高青、花17 CO_2气藏主要储集层位有奥陶系、中生界、沙四段、沙三段、沙一段、馆陶组和明化镇组，储集层岩性以砂岩和碳酸盐岩为主，盖层以泥质岩、页岩和岩浆岩为主。；圈闭类型主要为受断裂改造的背斜、断块及刺穿岩体遮挡圈闭。；气体成分主要有CO_2、N_2、CH_4、C_2H_6、He等。；主要气源体为岩浆气源体，气源体的主要地质形式为侵入体和埋藏的火山通道。；气藏和气源体的空间关系有岩浆侵入体一断裂一气藏沟通型、岩浆侵入体-CO_2气储集层接触型和埋藏火山通道-气储集层接触型三种类型。；岩浆侵入体CO_2气运移分为熔融运移阶段和结晶运移阶段，火山通道中CO_2气运移分成近地表喷发阶段和结晶运移阶段。；断裂中，CO_2在水中的浮力远大于运移阻力，CO_2气容易上浮，CO_2在断裂中的易浮性导致不同密度气体的分异和走向上封闭的断裂气体相对富集。；气体在砂岩储集层运移聚集具有选择性，会优先进入孔隙度和渗透率较高的砂岩，随着压力增加，才会进入孔隙度和渗透率较低的砂岩；在岩浆气源体-断裂-储集层空间输导格架下，CO_2气在膨胀力的驱动下，首先进入含水的断裂并重力分异而聚集，气体压力会不断增高，当压力增至一定程度，CO_2气会向高孔隙度、渗透率的储集层运移并聚集。；在岩浆气源体-储集层接触空间输导格架下，CO_2气受膨胀力的驱动直接向储集层运移并聚集。；成藏的CO_2气会经历化学沉淀、溶解、扩散和机械破坏四种破坏方式，会受断裂切割而打破压力平衡，沿断裂进一步运移和聚集成藏。

According to the parameters of the pressure,the sealing abilities of the cap rocks could be divided into six grades,and the complex grading evaluation criteria of gas cap rock sealing ability that is suitable for China is established.

利用以突破压力为主的相关参数，将盖层封闭性能划分为6个等级，建立了适合我国特点的天然气封盖层封闭能力的综合分级评价标准。

Cing factors of distribution of cap rock destructed by faulting were fault throw, dip angle and thickness of cap rock itself.

盖层被断层破坏的主要影响因素有断层的断距、倾角和盖层厚度。

As for the main reservoir -caprock assemblage, the Carbonifer volcanic rock is the reservoir while the Permian and Triassic mudstone is the cap rock.

主要的储盖组合是以石炭系火山岩为储层，二叠系和三叠系泥岩为盖层。

Using LOGES evaluation system, evaluate the microscopic seal ability of claystone formation in study area. And using standard breakthrough pressure of sample, incorporation with macrofeature as lithologic, sediment phase, thickness, continuity and so on, comprehensive evaluate the seal ability of every seal formation. The claystone seal formation of lower Ganchaigou formation ?

利用LOGES测井评价系统对研究区盖层微观封盖能力进行了系统评价，并应用取心样品的突破压力标定，结合岩性、沉积相带、厚度、连续性等宏观特征对各套盖层开展了综合评价。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失