盈余

Institute of Statistics and Actuary, Shandong Economic UniversityAbstract We consider the risk process perturbed by diffusion under interest force in this article. The integral expressions, continuities, twice continuous differentiability and integro-differential equations about $F_{\delta}$, the distribution of the surplus immediately before ruin, and $H_{\delta}$, the joint distribution of the surplus immediately before ruin and the deficit at ruin are obtained.

我们考虑既带有随机干扰又带有确定投资回报的风险过程，得到了破产前瞬间盈余的分布$F_{\delta}$及破产前瞬间盈余和破产时赤字的联合分布$H_{\delta}$所满足的积分表达，连续性及二次连续可微性和积分--微分方程。

As to the risk model with random premium rate, we concerned with discrete random variable, continuous random variable and general random variable. We derive the formula of ruin probability, the extreme during the total duration of negative surplus and the joint distribution of the surplus immediately before ruin and the deficit at ruin.

对于保费率为随机变量的一类风险模型，本文就离散的随机变量、连续的随机变量、一般的随机变量三个方面进行讨论，运用概率方法和风险理论的方法推导出破产概率、末离前最大盈余分布、破产前瞬时盈余与破产赤字的联合分布等精算量分布的一般公式。

Creditors: suppliers of goods or services to the business who are not paid at the time of purchase;债权人:商品或服务的供货商债权人: Current liabilities Short-term debt Accounts payable Accrued expense Total current liabilities Non-current liabilities Deferred income taxes Long-term debt Other non-current liabilities Total Non-current liabilities Total liabilities 1555 5049 8593 15197 950 3402 1201 5553 20750 5.1.3 Owners' Equity Owners' equity is the initial amount of money invested into a business plus the retained earnings.

所有者权益是最初投资到公司的资金，加所有者权益是最初投资到公司的资金，投资到公司的资金留存盈余。它代表了一个公司的总价值。上留存盈余。

This model deducts the influence of assets depreciation reserve on earnings in measuring total accrual. With the foundation of modified Jones model, the improved extended Jones model takes the influence of intangible assets on measurement of earnings management into account.

这一模型主要是在计量总应计利润时，扣除了资产减值准备对盈余的影响，并在修正Jones模型的基础上，考虑无形资产对计量盈余管理的影响。

The model deducts the influence of assets depreciation reserve to earnings in measuring total accural. Basedon modified Jones model, the improved extended Jones model influences intangible assets.

这一模型主要是在计量总应计利润时扣除了资产减值准备对盈余的影响，并在修正琼斯模型的基础上，考虑了无形资产对计量盈余管理的影响。

This article tries to inquire into some related questions of earnings management based on China' s national conditions.

本文对盈余管理的有关问题结合我国国情进行探讨，并对我国上市公司盈余管理进行实证研究。

Last year, however, our look-through earnings did not grow at all but rather declined by 14%. To an extent, the decline was precipitated by two forces that I discussed in last year's report and that I warned you would have a negative effect on look-through earnings.

然而去年我们的透视盈余不但没有增加，反而减少了 14%，这样的下滑主要导源于去年年报就曾经向各位提过的两项因素，那时我就曾经警告各位那对我们的透视盈余将会有负面的影响。

I've told you that over time look-through earnings must increase at about 15% annually if our intrinsic business value is to grow at that rate. Indeed, since present management took over in 1965, our look-through earnings have grown at almost the identical 23% rate of gain recorded for book value.

我曾经告诉各位，长期而言，如果我们的实质价值也期望以这个幅度来成长的话，透视盈余每年也必须增加 15%，而的确过自从现有经营阶层于 1965 年接手后，公司的透视盈余几乎与帐面价值一样，以 23%的年复合成长率增加。

If our intrinsic value is to grow at our target rate of 15%, our look-through earnings, over time, must also increase at about that pace. When I first explained this concept a few years back, I told you that meeting this 15% goal would require us to generate look-through earnings of about $1.8 billion by 2000. Because we've since issued about 3% more shares, that figure has grown to $1.85 billion.

长期而言，如果我们的实质价值想要以每年15%的幅度来成长的话，那么透视盈余每年也必须增加以这个幅度来成长，几年前我第一次提到这个观念时曾表示，到公元2000年为止，Berkshire若要以15%的目标，透视盈余必须成长18亿美元以上，而由于1993年我们又发行了一些新股，所以现在的门槛提高到18.5亿美元。

Two other outcomes that I did not foresee also hurt look-through earnings in 1991. First, we had a break-even result from our interest in Wells Fargo (dividends we received from the company were offset by negative retained earnings). Last year I said that such a result at Wells was a low-level possibility - not a likelihood.

另外有二项我没有意料到的结果，也影响到我们 1991 年的透视盈余，首先我们在 Well-Fargo 的利益大概仅维持损益两平(所收到的股利收入被其累积亏损所抵消)，去年我说这样的可能性很低的说法，其可信度存疑，第二我们的保险业盈余虽然算是不错，但还是比往年低。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。