盈余

From the assumption of individual rationality, based on contracting theory, using normative research method, it is deducible that: a whether earnings management is efficient is not refutable; b opportunistic earnings management is not necessary for positive research; c earnings management is value-irrelevant.

本文分析了当前学术界所面临的盈余管理实证研究理论困境，从个人理性的假定出发，以契约为切入点，运用规范研究方法，先后得出如下的推论：1）效率观盈余管理不可实证；2）机会主义盈余管理观是实证研究中多余的概念；3）盈余管理与公司价值无关。

As I mentioned last year, we hope to have look-through earnings grow about 15% annually.

就像我去年曾经提到的，我希望我们的透视盈余每年都能够成长 15%，在 1990 年我们确实大幅超越这个比率，但 1991 年结果却差很多，我们在吉列的可转换特别股投资已经被赎回，我们将在 4 月 1 日把它们转为普通股投资，虽然这将会使得我们每年的帐面盈余减少 3，500 万，透视盈余也会跟着减少，另外我们在媒体事业的直接与透视盈余也可能下滑，但不论如何，我们每年还是会向大家报告透视盈余的计算结果。

We also believe that investors can benefit by focusing on their own look-through earnings.

各位可以从下表看出我们是如何计算透视盈余的，不过我还是要提醒各位这些数字有点粗糙，(被投资公司所分配的股利收入已经包含在保险事业的净投资收益项下)我们也相信投资人可以透过研究自己的透视盈余而受益，在算这个东西时，他们就会了解到其个别投资组合所应分配到的真正盈余的合计数，所有投资人的目标，应该是要建立一项投资组合可以让其透视盈余在从现在开始的十年内极大化。

"Look-Through" Earnings We've previously discussed look-through earnings, which consist of:(1) the operating earnings reported in the previous section, plus;(2) the retained operating earnings of major investees that, under GAAP accounting, are not reflected in our profits, less;(3) an allowance for the tax that would be paid by Berkshire if these retained earnings of investees had instead been distributed to us.

Second， we recorded significantly lower - though 4 透视盈余之前我们曾经讨论过透视盈余，其主要的组成份子有(1)前段所提到的帐列盈余，加上(2)主要被投资公司的保留盈余，按一般公认会计原则未反应在我们公司帐上的盈余，扣除(3)若这些未反应的盈余分配给我们时，估计可能要缴的所得税。

Look-Through Earnings Reported earnings are a poor measure of economic progress at Berkshire, in part because the numbers shown in the table presented earlier include only the dividends we receive from investees -- though these dividends typically represent only a small fraction of the earnings attributable to our ownership. Not that we mind this division of money, since on balance we regard the undistributed earnings of investees as more valuable to us than the portion paid out.

完整透视盈余我们认为帐列盈余很难表现伯克希尔实际的营运状况，部份原因在于列示在本公司帐上的股利收入，事实上仅占被投资公司收益的一小部份，其实我们并不要求盈余一定要分配，事实上对我们而言，我们更重视未分配的那一部份，因为他们极可能为我们创造出更高的价值，原因很简单，因为我们的被投资公司往往比母公司更有机会把资金投入到高投资报酬的用途之上，既然如此又何必一定要强迫他们把盈余分配回来呢？

Our empirical results indicate that the clients of specialist auditors have higher ERC than clients of nonspecialist auditors. This indicates investors acknowledge the specilization of audit firm and give auditor industry expertise high market response than no industry expertise auditors.

首先，我们用盈余反应系数计量盈余质量，从投资者的视角检验了行业专长对盈余质量的影响，结果显示行业专长事务所审计的客户的盈余反应系数更高，说明市场投资者认可事务所的行业专门化行为，认为行业专长事务所审计服务质量更高。

This paper studied the earnings managements of the listed companies by dividing the accrual into above-the-line accruals and below-the-line accruals. And for above-the-line accruals and below-the-line accruals of 2002, I divided above-the-line-accruals into working capital accruals and nonworking capital accruals. Then I used modified Jones model by adding industry variables to study the new characteristics of earnings management in 2002. This paper provides evidence that the listed companies still used below-the-line accruals as the main earnings management instrument. On the other hand the listed companies also used working capital accruals as one of their earnings management instruments. On the basis of the studies above, I build two proxies of the earnings management.

本文首先通过对2002年上市公司盈余管理的分项实证研究来观察各种制度实施后上市公司利用线下项目进行盈余管理是否得到了一定的遏制，实证过程中采用修正的横截面JONES模型加入行业变量并经过适当变形对上市公司年报线上项目和线下项目，并进一步将线上项目分解出营运资金相关项目和非相关项目两项进行盈余管理的实证研究，发现企业对线下项目的操纵仍然在企业盈余管理中占据主要地位，但从某种程度上看，线下利润的操纵得到了一定的抑制，另外企业对营运资金应计项目的盈余管理也是显著的。

Accounting earnings can provide value relevant information to investors in China′s stock market.We choose the persistence of earnings, one of the factors that contribute to the quality of accounting earnings, as the start point of our research and use the profit from principal operations as the proxy variable of permanent earnings to examine whether the market can differentiate the accounting earnings of different persistence.

在其他研究证明了中国上市公司的会计盈余具有信息含量的基础上，本文选择了影响会计盈余质量诸因素中的一个方面———会计盈余的持续性作为研究的出发点，以在上海证券交易所上市的股票为研究对象，用主营业务利润作为公司永久性盈余的表征变量，检验市场能否区分持续性不同的会计盈余。

The empirical result demonstrates that:(1) the average abnormal reture and accumulated average abnormal reture around and after quarter surplus announcement change obviously, which illustrates the quarter surplus reports are of information content in our A share market;(2) the market can treat different types of accounting surplus data distinguishly by analysing inexpectant surplus as good news or bad news, but it reacts intensely to good news and flatly to bad news:(3) the market investors are paying more and more attention on accounting surplus of listed companies, which can be viewed in the annual text that the surplus reaction coefficient significance enhances;(4) A share market is, basically, under a state of semi-strong efficiency, or at least of an effective process from weak to semi-strong.

实证结果表明：(1)季度盈余报告公布前后平均非正常收益率和累积平均非正常收益率都发生了明显的变化，说明在我国A股市场季度盈余报告是具有信息含量的；(2)通过对未预期盈余分为利好组和利空组的分析，得出市场能够区别对待不同性质的会计盈余数据，但是市场对利空消息反应强烈，对利好消息反应平淡；(3)在分年度的检验中，可以看到盈余反应系数的显著性不断增强，证明我国A股市场的投资者对于上市公司会计盈余的重视程度在不断增加；(4)研究结果倾向于我国A股市场基本处于半强式效率，至少我国证券市场正处在从弱式有效向半强式有效转变的过程中。

The analysis reveals that:(1) Because there isn"t significant relationship between earnings management and management compensation, managers don"t have a notable motivation on self-benefit basis to reinforce earnings management for increase their compensation level;(2) The Stock Options Incentive stimulate managers on earnings management, the higher management stock proportion, the higher earnings management of listed companies.

本文通过实证研究发现：(1)由于我国上市公司盈余管理程度与管理层薪酬水平之间不存在高度相关关系，管理层出于自利目的，为提高其薪酬水平而进行盈余管理的动机不显著；(2)我国上市公司的股权激励制度刺激了管理层的盈余管理行为，管理层股权激励程度与盈余管理之间呈显著正相关关系，管理层持股比例越高，上市公司盈余管理程度就越高。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。