皱襞

Objective To explore the relationship between abnormal position gallbladder plica and gallbladder diseases. Methods There were 5 000 cases of gallbladder with plica during recent 11 years who were divided into 2 groups and whose data were analyzed retrospectively.

目的探讨胆囊皱襞异常与胆囊疾病的关系方法我科1995年1月至2006年10月共发现5 000例皱襞胆囊，根据其位置分胆囊皱襞位置正常组（2 500例）和胆囊皱襞位置异常组（2 500例），对其超声资料进行回顾性分析。

Objective:To inverstigate the role of synovial plica of the knee and synovial plica syndrome, and provide morphologic evidence for the clinic apply.

目的 探讨膝关节内的滑膜皱襞与皱襞综合征的解剖学关系，为临床提供形态学依据。

From the baseline population of 172,777 military conscripts, thirty-three consecutive young adult patients with normal preoperative MRIs of the knee and a sole postoperative diagnosis of medial plica were treated with arthroscopic plica resection.

在应征入伍的172，777名士兵中，33位青年患者具有正常的术前核磁共振表现和仅在术后才诊断出的膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞，这些人被进行了关节镜下滑膜皱襞切除术。

There are many skin folds in human body which are adapted to the need of movementand also the important marks to divide anatomic regions.i.e.the groin is the skin fold whichexists between lower abdomen and anterior thigh,the gluteal-thigh sulcus is skin fold whichexists between buttocks and posterior thigh.Correspondingly,the skin fold which existsbetween pudendum and superior-medial thigh is named pudendal-thigh sulcus,and flapsharvested from pudendal-thigh territories can be called the pudendal-thigh flaps.

人体体表有许多皱褶，这些皱褶是为了适应运动的需要，同时也是解剖学分区的重要体表标志，如存在于下腹部与股前区的皮肤皱襞称为腹股沟，存在于臀部与股后区的皮肤皱襞称为臀沟，相应地，存在于大腿内上方与会阴部之间的皮肤皱褶可称之为阴股沟(pudendal-thigh sulcus)，在阴股沟区切取的皮瓣即称为阴股沟皮瓣(the pudendal-thighflap)。

Methods Measurements were made in a group of 45 women volunteers aged from 22 to 45 years, who were satisfied with their breasts without any history of breast surgery. After the lateral arch of the breast as the reference value for breast size being chosen, breast-areola to nipple ratio was determined according to parameters measured as follows: weight, height, diameter of the breast, areola, and nipple, distances between the nipple and borders of the breast-superior, medial arch (to the medial end of the inframammary crease), lateral arch (to the lateral end of the inframammary crease), inferior arch (to the lowest point of the inframammary crease).

方法对45例22~45岁、对自己乳房满意且无乳房手术史的女性志愿者，分别测量体重、身高、乳头直径、乳晕直径、胸乳线(乳头至胸骨切迹连线距离)、乳房内侧半径(乳头至乳房下皱襞内侧止点连线距离)、乳房外侧半径(乳头至乳房下皱襞外侧止点连线距离)、乳房下半径(乳头至乳房下皱襞最低点连线距离)。

The results were expressed in mean±1SD. Pearson X~2 test and One-way ANOVA test were used. The data analyzed using the SPSS (version 11.5). Results: The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative value of US for the LPEH model on the children cadaver were 88%, 84%, 79%, 91%, respectively. With regard to the thickness of femora head cartilage, the thickness of the anterior layer or posterior layer, there were no significant differences among three groups. However, the anterior layer was thicker than the posterior layer in three groups. The fluid in hip joint was detected in all of 21 symptomatic hips, which was clear commonly (90%) in early procedure. The amount of fluid in anterior recess showed a positive correlation with age (p .05). No fluid was detected in the asymptomatic and normal hips (2mm). The mean maximum width of inferomedial recess was significantly larger than that of anterior recess (12.50±4.04mm vs.4.35±0.8mm, p 0.05) in the symptomatic hip joints. The echogenic entrapped labral plicaes were demonstrated in the inferomedial recess in all of 21 children with LPEH, whose length and width ranged from 5.3mm-25.0mm (mean,15.6±5.6mm) and from 4.0mm-17.0mm (mean,8.9±7.8mm).

结果1，尸体LPEH髋关节模型的超声诊断敏感性、特异性分别为88％、84％，阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为79％、91％。2，21例患儿的LPEH患髋(21侧)、健髋(21侧)，以及21例正常儿童健髋(42侧)的超声检查显示：髋关节周围软组织及股骨头无形态结构差别；股骨头软骨厚度无统计学差异(3.5±0.5mm vs.3.6±0.4mm vs.3.6±0.5mm，p＞0.05)；关节囊前层及后层厚度无统计学差异(前层厚度2.79±0.74 mm vs.2.56±0.40mm vs.2.56±0.72mm；后层厚度2.70±0.82mm vs.2.48±0.54mm vs.2.44±0.58mm，p＞0.05)，但LPEH患髋关节囊前、后层均较后二组有增厚趋势。3，LPEH患髋均存在关节腔内积液，且早期较为清晰；积液以髋关节内下间隙明显，内下间隙较前间隙明显增宽(12.50±4.04mm vs.4.35±0.8mm，p＜0.05)，其内见嵌顿滑膜唇皱襞呈稍强回声的占位性团块，长约15.6±5.6mm，宽约8.9±7.8mm，90.5％(19／21)嵌顿皱襞内未见血流信号。4，所有LPEH患髋治疗后超声复诊均显示正常。

The histopathologic changes included lymphocyte and monocyte infiltration,hyperplasia of synovial cells and small vessels,interstitial fibrosis,hyaline degeneration and cartilaginous metaplasia.The immunohistochemical observations showed that the high expressions of IL-1 and IL-6 were significantly different between the pathologic plicae and the control groups（P＜0.01）.The positive expressions of IL-1 and IL-6 were the synovial cells and monocyt-lymph cells in the pathologic synovial plicae.The positive expressions of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 have significant difference between the experiment and control group（P＜0.01,P＜0.05）.The expression of MMP-1 was positive in synovial lining cell,monocyte,fibroblast,endothelial cell in small vessel and chondrocyte.The TIMP-1 expression was detected in the synovial lining cells and a small quantity fibroblast.

结果 正常滑膜皱襞和病理性滑膜皱襞在滑膜细胞增生及小血管增生、间质纤维化及玻璃样变、软骨化生组织学改变方面，差异均有显著性（P＜0.01）；IL-1、IL-6在病理性滑膜皱襞内的增生滑膜细胞、单核及淋巴细胞和在正常滑膜皱襞内的表达差异均有显著性（P＜0.01）； MMP-1、TIMP-1在病理性滑膜皱襞和正常皱襞内的阳性表达，差异具有显著性（P＜0.01，P＜0.05），MMP-1在增生滑膜衬里层细胞、单核和纤维母细胞、血管内皮细胞和软骨化生的软骨细胞呈阳性表达；TIMP-1只在滑膜衬里层细胞和少量纤维母细胞有表达。

The formative mechanisms of the pathologic synovial plicae are that abnormal synovial plica is suffered from the chromic inflammation,which caused by occasionally blunt trauma or repeated friction,the residual shape synovial plica changed from normal structure to the pathologic formation. The pathologic synovial plicae are abnormal in either the appearance of shape or structure.

病理性滑膜皱襞形成机制是在残留正常滑膜结构的基础上，滑膜皱襞受到创伤或物理挤夹作用，发生慢性炎症反应，导致滑膜皱襞结构组织发生病理性变化，形成了在形态和结构上均异常的病理性滑膜皱襞。

Results:The main radiological manifestations of the interface of peripheral cancerized gastric ulcer are: Small segment with prominent, regular margin, clubbed plica, slim plicae reaching the margin of the niche or margin of the small segment of are prominent. The radiological presentations of gastric cancerized ulcers are mainly tortuous large plicea and slim striped plicae, and the pathologic changes under microscope are mainly chronic superficial gastritis.

结果：胃溃疡癌变溃疡病灶与周围交界面主要X线表现为小段弧形隆起，边缘较规则，杵状皱襞、纤细皱襞可达溃疡龛影的边缘或小段弧形隆起的边缘；溃疡旁X线表现以迂曲粗大皱襞及纤细条纹状皱襞为主，病理镜下改变是以慢性浅表性胃炎为主。

In gastric ulcerocancer, the main radiological changes of the interface are small teniform non-plicae area, the slim irregular plicae near the ulcer connecting with distal clubbed plicae. The juxta-ulcer presentation are instinct mucosal plicae, especially blurred teniform plicae and reticular plicae accompanying with "target sign" in most cases and the pathologic changes of peri-ulcer are chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal epithelial metaplsia and epithelial heterotypic hyperplasia of gastric mucosal etc.

溃疡型胃癌溃疡病灶与周围交界面主要X线表现为小带状无皱襞区，近溃疡侧的纤细不规则皱襞与远侧的杵状皱襞相接；溃疡旁X线表现是粘膜皱襞影像多较模糊，尤以模糊条纹状皱襞及模糊网格状伴有&靶征&居多，病理镜下改变是以慢性萎缩性胃炎、肠上皮化生及胃粘膜上皮异型增生等癌前病变为主。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。