白垩统

According to the principle of strontium isotope stratigraphy, we attempt to determine the age of the boundaries for Campanian/Santonian and Maastrichtian/Campanian by 87Sr/86Sr ratios for Gamba section in southern Tibet.

在与国际上同期海相地层锶同位素演化曲线对比的基础上，研究了晚白垩世海相碳酸盐锶同位素组成与主要地质事件的关系；在将本研究锶同位素数据融入到全球中新代海水锶同位素曲线的基础上，综合作出了中新生代海平面变化和锶同位素对照曲线，讨论了全球风化速率，造山事件，气候，海平面变化以及灾变性事件对中新生代海水锶同位素的控制作用；根据锶同位素地层学原理，本研究尝试将碳酸盐锶同位素组成用于海相地层定年上，利用已有的全球海水87Sr/86Sr值-年龄数据库和测试的藏南晚白垩海相碳酸盐的87Sr/86Sr值，确定了岗巴剖面Campanian/Santonian和Maastrichtian/Campanian阶界线，标定了广泛分布于白垩纪的厚壳蛤化石的年龄；本研究还将这些方法推广到了塔里木盆地井下奥陶纪地层的年龄标定，确定了中/上，中/下奥陶统界线，从锶同位素角度获得了古岩溶作用证据，显示锶同位素地层学在解决海相地层对比，年龄确定及在岩溶型油气储层研究中的潜在价值和良好应用前景。

Maturity of Lower Cretaceous source rock, researched by the authors, is closely relative to the deposition thickness of the Tertiary and the Quaternary. It shows that source rock at the depth of 4,000-4,400m is low mature, and 4,400-5,200m is in the peak of oil generating. Correspondingly, the source rock of the Zhonggou Formation is immature; the Upper Xiagou Formation is low mature; and the Lower Xiagou Formation and the Upper Chijinpu Formation are in the peak of oil-generating; and the Lower Chijinpu Formation is at the stage of generation of condensate-wet gas with high maturity. There is no source rock reaching the overmature stage of dry gas at present.

可溶有机质转化率、镜质体反射率、热解、生物标志物特征等参数表明：青南凹陷中部的下白垩统烃源岩生油门限深度为4000m（相应的镜质体反射率为0.65％），埋深4000～4400m为低成熟阶段，埋深4400～5200m为成熟生油高峰阶段，因此中沟组烃源岩未成熟，下沟组上部烃源岩低成熟，下沟组下部和赤金堡组上部烃源岩处于成熟生油高峰阶段，赤金堡组下部烃源岩处于高成熟的凝析油—湿气阶段，目前尚无烃源岩达过成熟干气阶段。

By using 3D seismic and logging data, seismic sedimentology was studied in Olmos formation of upper Cretaceous, Gold River North Oilfield, Webb County, south Texas, and nine fourth order sequences were identified with the technique of 90°-phase data and stratal slices.

利用三维地震资料和测井资料，结合90°相位和地层切片技术，对美国南得克萨斯地区Webb县Gold River North 油田上白垩统Olmos组进行地震沉积学研究，识别出9个四级层序。

Highprecision sequence stratigraphy was applied to divide and correlate the different sequence stratigraphical units from the Upper Cretaceous to plaeogene in the Biyang depression, and a sequence stratigraphic framework which can correlate the different sequence stratigraphical units was set up to point out that the ramp region of the northdepression is an oil and gas reservoir featured by altitude progradational delta and complex fault blocks, the inner belt of the north slope hinge zone is a low order faultlithologic oil and gas reservoir, the development stages and high order terms of the deep depressed area is a fluxoturbidite and sublacustrine fan lens trap, and the south actic region is a lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir development area.

运用高精度层序地层学的理论，系统地划分和对比泌阳凹陷上白垩统至古近系不同级别的层序地层单元，建立了凹陷内各级层序地层单元的对比框架，指出凹陷北部斜坡带为高位进积三角洲复杂断块群油气藏，北部斜坡枢纽带内带为低位扇断层-岩性油气藏、深凹区湖扩展期和高位期为滑塌浊积体及湖底扇透镜体圈闭，南部陡坡带为岩性油气藏发育区。

According to the interpreted approaches of sequence stratigraphy,the lower Cretaceous strata in the northern Wuerxun sag can be divided into four types of sequence,namely simply faulted sequence,quickly faulted-depressed sequence,syngenetic faulted-depressed sequence and simply depressed sequence.

应用层序地层学解释方法对乌尔逊凹陷北部下白垩统地层进行了层序地层分析，将其划分为4个层序和4种层序类型，即简单断陷层序、快速断坳层序、同生断坳层序和简单坳陷层序。

Field geological investigation, petrology and geochemistry study showed that three oil shale groups in Kazuo basin were developed in Member 1,2,3 of the Jiufotang Formation of Lower Cretaceous, the third oil shale group located in 3rd member have the greatest industrial significance. Oil shale always has the accompanying relationship with overlying sedimentary tuff or other tuffaceous strata.

野外地质调查和岩石学、地球化学研究表明：喀左盆地3个油页岩层群分别发育于下白垩统九佛堂组的一、二、三段，以位于三段的第三油页岩层群的工业意义最大；油页岩常与上覆沉凝灰岩或其它凝灰质岩石呈伴生关系。

Lower Cretaceous belong to retrograding sedimentary sequence of tide-flat-carbonate platform facies,and have good hydrocarbon source rock and reservoir rock but no good cap rock.

下白垩统属退积的潮坪—碳酸盐岩台地沉积序列，生、储油层发育，但盖层发育相对较差，有可能在靠近改则—尼玛断裂带附近形成一些与逆冲断层有关的小型油气藏。

The Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation in which the volcanic rocks are high in content and widely distributed was developed at the late stage of rifting.

徐家围子断陷是松辽盆地内的一个较大的中生代断陷，下白垩统营城组发育于断陷晚期，分布面积广，火山岩发育。

The Olmos Formation in the Gold River North field is characterized by a shelf-edge deltaic system, from which five types of depositional systems are identified:(1) fluvial plain, which is characterized by fluvial channels, crevasse splays, and swales;(2) deltaic plain, which consists of distributary channels, levees, and crevasse splays;(3) deltaic-front mouth bars and sheet sands;(4) prodelta, which is composed of silty sediments; and (5) incised valleys, which were formed during subsequent lowstand erosion on exposed deltaic sediments.

美国南得克萨斯地区Webb县Gold River North油田上白垩统Olmos组钻井资料较少，采用地震沉积学方法对其分析，可以识别出一套完整的三角洲体系，其中包括前三角洲亚相、三角洲前缘亚相、三角洲平原亚相、曲流河相和下切谷沉积等，其中河道砂、河口砂坝和下切谷沉积物是有利的储层。

The results show that the organic matter in the dark limestones of the lower Cretaceous is of medium abundance, good type and proper maturity. The limestones have hydrocarbon-generating potential.

研究结果表明，该盆地下白垩统暗色碳酸盐岩的有机质丰度中等、类型较好、成熟度适中，具备了形成油气的条件。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。