白垩

The evolution process under the control of the multigeodynamic force system (including the boundary forces of Eurasia-Pacific-Indian three massive plates around Nansha block, effects of the deep mantle, relative soft layer-sliding planes within Nansha lithosphere block and the earth's rotational inertial force) can be briefly divided four stages: the late Cretaceous to the early Eocene stage of uprilfing-erosion and shear-extension caused by the oceanwards-eastwards withdrew of Pacific subduction zone and the delamination of proto-subducted slab after the stage of pre-Cretaceous pre-rifting active continentoceanic plate margin. In this stage, the Nansha transcrustal layering-block started to move southeastwards on the Nansha transcrustal layer-sliding plane, meanwhile, the Andu-Bisheng and Liyue-Banyue basement layering-block slid on their upper-crust layer-sliding planes, and Xibu accretion zone was formed. Successively, it entered the stage of the mid-Eocene to early Oligocene, when NW-SE sea-floor spreading occurred in the southwest subbasin owing to the slip-line field initiated by the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, Zengmu foreland-basin started to develop in the same time. And in the stage of late Oligocene to early Miocene, near NS simple-shear extension and sea-floor spreading in the central subbasin of eastern South China Sea resulted from the south-southeastwards drawing-force of the mantle-flow. The crustal layering-blocks and the Miri accretion zone formed also in this stage.

南沙岩石圈新生代微板块及板内层块构造的动力演化过程，在多元动力等因素(如块体之外的欧-太-印三大板块运动边界力和地幔深部活动因素、块体内部软弱层滑面以及地球自转变化)控制下，大致经历了4个阶段的演化：从前晚白垩世的裂前活动陆-洋板块边缘阶段因太平洋俯冲带向东跃迁、原向NNW俯冲消亡的板片的拆沉、幔隆而进入晚白垩世-早始新世的隆升剥蚀、剪切伸展演化阶段，南沙超壳层块顺超壳层滑面祥东南运移、安渡-毕生与礼乐-半月基底层块沿上壳层滑面拆离，西布增生带形成；继而先后在中始新世-早渐新世期间受印-欧板块碰撞滑线场、地球自转加速影响出现西南海盆NW-SE向海底扩张和曾母前陆盆地的发育，和晚渐新世-早中新世期间南—东南向地幔流牵引造成的中央次海盆近NS向单剪伸展与海底扩张、壳体层块向南差异滑移、米里增生带形成；中中新世以来，印度-澳洲板块快速向北俯冲，构成今日南海格局。

Results show that the Spiti shale in Zanskar terminated 15Ma later than that in southern Tibet, while the lowermost Cretaceous quartz sandstone in Zanskar appeared 18Ma later than that in southern Tibet. The age of volcanic sandstone in southern Tibet is very poorly time constraint and their deposition occurred somewhere within Berriasian～early Albian. In Thakkhola, the Chukh Group volcanic sandstone are of late Hauterivian-early Albian age (duration about 20Ma), while in Zanskar, the volcanic sandstones facies only appeared in Albian (duration of less than 10Ma). Therefore, it can be concluded that the onsets of both quartz sandstone and volcanic sandstone occurred earlier in eastern Tethys Himalayas than in western Tethys Himalayas .

侏罗纪末～白垩纪初印度大陆的北缘同时期存在大陆向上挠曲，导致陆源碎屑输入量的快速增加，石英砂岩广泛存在；早白垩世火山岩屑砂岩对应着的印度大陆北缘地层侵蚀加深，使得较深部的深成火山岩暴露并遭受侵蚀；石英砂岩和早白垩世岩屑砂岩所代表的印度大陆剥露时间在空间上的&东早西晚&，说明构造运动首先是从特提斯喜马拉雅的东部开始（大印度与澳大利亚的彻底分离），然后逐渐波及西部的，东西时间差为15～20Ma；由于地壳均衡作用，大陆分离后原先地壳挠曲转变为地壳下沉，发生强烈的构造沉降，故Albian之后沉积一套深水环境下的海绿石、磷酸盐和黑色页岩沉积。

The major scientific achievements of this study are as follows:1.Important angiospermae pollen fossils such as Quantonenpollis,Cranwellia,Scollardia, Lythraites,Xinjiangpollis,Gothanipollis,Triporopollenites and angiospermae fossils as Platanus septentrionalis,Trapa angulata have been obtained from the Quantou Formation. They are Late Cretaceous in age.

获得的主要认识如下：1、泉头组产有晚白垩世重要的被子植物花粉化石Quantonenpollis，Cranwellia，Scollardia，Lythraites，Xinjiangpollis，Gothanipollis，Triporopollenites等和晚白垩世被子植物化石Platanus septentrionalis，Trapa angulata等。

Studies show that regional granitoid of late Triassic, late Jurassic, middle period of early Cretaceous and late period of e arly Cretaceous were formed successively in different stages of interactions of the Yangtze Plate, the North China Craton and the Pacific plate.

研究认为，胶东地区晚三叠世(230～200Ma)、晚侏罗世(160～140Ma)、早白垩世中期(130～125Ma)、早白垩世晚期(120～100Ma)花岗质岩石可以与扬子板块、华北板块、太平洋板块相互作用的不同阶段相对应。

The early stage of the Yanshan movement generated an Early Jurassic downfaulted basin and a Middle Jurassic compressional-downwarped coalaccumulating basin.In the middle stage,the Mid-Late Jurassic witnessed the formation of a volcanic downfaulted basin bounded by NW and NE deep faults,intermediate-basic and acid volcanic eruption and hypabyssal and near-sur...

燕山运动早期形成早侏罗世断陷盆地和中侏罗世挤压坳陷型聚煤构造盆地；中期中晚侏罗世形成被NW、NE向深大断裂围限的火山断陷盆地，中基性—酸性火山喷发和浅成、超浅成中酸性岩浆侵入，晚侏罗世末形成了一系列NNE向褶皱和逆冲推覆构造带；晚期早白垩世再次形成断陷盆地和开阔平缓褶皱，义县组不整合在火山岩之上，晚白垩世处于挤压造山后的山体隆升阶段，左云组不整合在义县组之上，伴随有壳源型花岗岩侵入，NW、NE向断裂复活，形成地堑、地垒式断裂组合，导致山体隆升。

By analysing the molasse sediment, tectonic stress field, thrust fault system and comparing them with volcanic rocks and granites in the region, it is showed that Dabie orogenic belt had a strong intracontinental orogenesis whose deep dynamic processes were controlled by subduction with delamination during late stage of Cretaceous period-late Cretaceous period.

磨拉石沉积、构造应力场、逆冲断层系统和区域火山岩、花岗岩的综合分析表明，大别造山带早白垩世晚期—晚白垩世存在一次强烈的陆内造山作用，其深部动力学过程受控于拆沉中的俯冲作用。

The authors have summarized relevant data studied by overseas scientists and suggested the definition of chalky texture formation as "Chalky texture formation refers to that magnesium calcite and aragonite are transformed into the framework of micrite and microspar of low-magnesium calcite via neomorphism, and result in and maintain intercrystalline pore and throat networks in it; enhanced chalky texture formation refers to that the micrite and microspar are successively subjected to dissolution and leaching, so that the secondary network of solution voids is formed".

综合各国学者的有关研究资料，建议将白垩状结构化定义为：&碳酸盐沉积物和碳酸盐岩中的镁方解石和文石在不同成岩阶段通过新生变形而转变成低镁方解石微晶和微亮晶格架，并在其中产生和保存晶间孔喉网络的作用；强化白垩状结构化是指微晶和微亮晶格架受到进一步溶蚀和淋滤，从而形成次生溶蚀孔隙网络的作用&。

The basin evolution from the Cretaceous to the Palaeogene shows a complete process of rifting development, in which the Lower Cretaceous is theproduct of early rifting and the Upper Cretaceous and the Eogene represent the sediments of thermal subsidence in late rifting stage.

白垩纪—早第三纪盆地演化为一个完整的裂谷发育过程，下白垩统是裂谷早期断陷作用的产物，而上白垩统和下第三系则代表裂谷后期热沉降沉积。

The characteristics of sedimentary systems and heavy minerals proved that the Junggar and Tarim Basins were not physiographically separated by an ancestral version of the Tianshan Mountains during Early-Middle Jurassic.

不同重矿物组合出现和不稳定重矿物的增加显示中-新生代存在3个构造活动相对活跃期，即晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期、晚白垩世和晚新生代。

In this area seven microfacies in the Chuangde Fm. red beds can be separated. They are: 1 reddish foraminifera grainstone; 2 reddish microfossils packstone/wackestone; 3 reddish marlstone with microfossils; 4 reddish marlstone; 5 red to variegated floatstone ; 6 reddish shales; 7 reddish radiolarite/ radiolarian chert.In the Yamudok Cuo area, it can be distinguished six microfacies in the redbeds including 1 reddish foraminifera grainstone; 2 reddish microfossils marlstone; 3 reddish shales; 4 yellow-grayish floatstone ; 5 reddish radiolarian chert; 6 reddish chert with radiolaria. The depositional environment of the Chuangde formation can be interpreted from sediments composition, as is deep oceanic basin adjacent to continental slope/rise. The slope/rise setting is indicated by the occurrence of olistoliths and slumped pelagic/hemipelagic limestone, present near the top of the Chuangde Fm.

进一步资料对比研究表明，全球上白垩统海相红层具有以下特征：a上白垩统红层出现在北大西洋、阿尔卑斯、喀尔巴阡、土耳其，向东一直到特提斯喜马拉雅地区和澳大利亚西北角的Exmouth海底高原，横贯整个特提斯和北大西洋；b沉积环境以外陆棚-斜坡和盆地为主，在斜坡环境下多发育有浊流沉积，如Scaglia Rossa和Nietrental组；c有机碳含量普遍很低，0～0.3％之间；d盆地相仅发育红色泥质岩，而斜坡和远洋环境下不仅发育红色页岩，同时还有红色泥灰岩、红色灰岩和红色硅质岩；e北大西洋和地中海地区在Cenomanian-Turonian界线黑色页岩之后不久的Turonian早期就出现红色沉积，而藏南出现在Santonian早期，Exmouth出现在Campanian早期，红层出现似乎有&西早东晚&的趋势。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。