白垩

Detailed geology- petrology-mineralogy study shows that late Triassic-early Jurassic granites can be divided into 4 groups: granodiorites, monzonitic-K syenogranites mainly, alkali feldspar-alkali granites and syenite, Middle Jurassic granites is composed of quartz diorites-granodiorites and monzonitic granites, the main rock type includes granodiorites and monzogranites; Early Cretaceous granites include alkali gabbro, alkali granites and granodiorites, and these rocks composed bimodal igneous rock group.

详细的地质-岩石矿物学研究表明，晚三叠-早侏罗世花岗岩可以划分成四种岩石组合，即花岗闪长岩组合、二长花岗岩—正长花岗岩组合、碱长花岗岩—碱性花岗岩组合和正长岩组合，其中以二长花岗岩—正长花岗岩组合为主；中侏罗世花岗岩由石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩组合和二长花岗岩组合构成，岩石类型以花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩为主；早白垩世出现了碱性辉长岩、碱性花岗岩和花岗闪长岩，构成双峰式火成岩组合。

Lithologic character of Eogene syste is interbedded sandstone and mudstone primarily, including the thin layer oil shale, Neocene- Quaternary system is set of rivers deposits. Based on this, through the reaserch of ateral correlation and distribution characteristics of every structural layers show that: Paleozoic synthem overall thickness of relatively stable.The residual thickness of Mesozoic synthem is difference in the horizontal, Residues in the horizontal thickness of greater difference, to the greatest thickness achieve to 4500m. Eogene syste has obviously fault depression basin deposition characteristic, the thickness of many sags achieve to 3000 m ,from Neocene, the stratum crosswise mop tended to be stable.

在此基础上，通过对各构造层横向对比以及展布特征的研究表明，古生界构造层整体厚度相对稳定，冷武-奥陶系残留厚度在1200m左右，石炭-二叠系残留厚度在800m左右；中生界构造层残留厚度在横向上差异较大，最大厚度达到4500m，其中，下-中三叠统仅发育于南部小部分地区，最大厚度在1000m以上，侏罗系-下白垩统整体具有南厚北薄的展布特征，南部冠北洼陷厚度最大，达到3500m；新生界古近系具明显的断陷式盆地沉积特征，多个洼陷厚度在3000m以上，新近纪以后地层横向展布趋于稳定。

Based on seismic section explanation of thousands of kilometers, the authors selected 4 seismic parameters (frequency, swing, continuity and inner reflect configuration), adopted multiple nomenclative principle of seismic facies of "figure+configuration+swing+frequency+continuity" and generalized 10 seismic and 5 sedimentary facies for the northern sag of South Yellow Sea Basin.

在数千公里地震剖面解释基础上，选用频率、振幅、连续性及内部反射结构等4个地震参数，采用&构形+结构+振幅+频率+连续性&的地震相复合命名原则，总结出南黄海盆地北部坳陷白垩系近10种地震相单元，5种沈积相类型。

This paper listed a great number of records of dinoflagellate cysts with transapical ar-chaeopyte suture in marine and nonmarine deposits and pointed out that the cysts with this structure could be divided into two types which represented respectively two branches of later Cretaceous from marine pyrrophyta.One branch was represented by Palaeoperidi-nium with bipesioid type of reflection plate;the other was represented by Saeptodinium with bipesioid or cinctioid type of reflection plate.

摘 要：本文列举了大量具过顶古口缝的沟鞭藻囊孢在海相和非海相沉积中的记录，指出具这一构造的沟鞭藻囊孢可以细分成两个亚类，分别代表晚白垩世从海相多甲藻类家族中分化出的两个分支：一支以Palaeoperidinium为代表，具bipesioid型反映板式；另一支以Saeptodinium为代表，具bipesioid或cinctioid型反映板式。

The extinction or appearance of these Ostracoda always occurred in a short time interval, and can be correlated locally and globally, so they are of importance in bioeventstratigraphy. This article listed six such biological events in Qaidam Basin and discussed their causes. The extinction of Cetacella reflected temperature decrease at global scale and changes of palaeoclimate zones during the latest Jurassic and the earliest Cretaceous; The rapid decline of Cypridea in the earliest Cretaceous may be a result of the strikes of small planets; at the latest middle-Eocene Austrocypris became extinct, and at Oligocene Hemicyprinotus disappeared. These events related to the changes of the geological conditions at that time. The explosion of Cyprideis at the middle-Miocene was because the rise of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau which resulted in the dry climate and development of salt lakes.

这些水生生物的绝灭或发生均很迅速，在区域或全球范围内均可对比，具有生物事件地层学意义：Cetacella属的绝灭可能是侏罗、白垩纪之交全球性的古气候降温和气候带变化在柴达木盆地的反映；早白垩世之后Cypridea的迅速衰退是地外因素灾变的结果；中始新世晚期的Austrocypris的绝灭、渐新世Hemicyprinotus的绝灭都与当时地质条件的改变存在著内在的联系；中中新世Cyprideis的爆发推断是青藏高原隆升，导致气候乾燥、湖水咸化的结果；而晚更新世晚期1。

During the sediment of late Cretaceous Taizhou Formation and Paleocene Epoch Funing Formation, Subei Basin have formed dark shale containing lots of ostracoda that include predominated whole basin E12 Formation and E14 Formation and local K2t2 Formation, which have become main source rocks of the basin.

海侵的原因，可能是从晚白垩世晚期起，中国东部的地应力条件以引张力占优势，并在华北－渤海湾、苏北－南黄海和东海陆架区，发育了一系列为早第三纪巨厚沉积物所充填的半地堑箕状盆地，海水由东海向黄海海侵，造成陆架上箕状盆地在短时期内与海水相通。

Shenglihe oil shales orientating in NWW-SEE with about 30 kilometers in length are located in the transitional belt between north Qiangtang basin and central uplift belt. The oil shales deposited in Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous marine carbonates and are overlain by tremendous gypsum-salt strata.

胜利河油页岩位于北羌塘盆地与中央隆起之间的过渡带上，呈北西西-南东东向展布，长约30 km，赋矿地层为上侏罗-下白垩统海相碳酸盐岩，其上被厚层膏岩盐覆盖。

Three periods petroleum accumulation exists in South-of-fifth-area oil field, the first period oil and gas is the Jiamuhe group mature and high mature hydrocarbon and the Fengcheng group mature hydrocarbon in late Permian to early Triassic, was destroyed in the Indo-Chinese movement intermediate stage, but some still is conserved in good conserved condition, which is one of exploration objects. The second period is the Fengcheng group high mature hydrocarbon in late Triassic to early Jurassic, which is the important exploration target. The third period is the Jiamuhe group overmature dry gas in the late Jurassic Period to the early Cretaceous.

五区南油气藏存在三期成藏，第一期是佳木河组过成熟干气和风城组成熟油气，成藏期在晚二叠世到早三叠世，在印支运动中期被破坏了，但是在保存条件好的地区仍存在这一期油气藏，它是勘探的对象之一；第二期是风城组高成熟油气，成藏期在晚三叠世到早侏罗世，也是勘探的对象之一；第三期是佳木河组过成熟干气，成藏期在侏罗纪到早白垩世。

Maturity of Lower Cretaceous source rock, researched by the authors, is closely relative to the deposition thickness of the Tertiary and the Quaternary. It shows that source rock at the depth of 4,000-4,400m is low mature, and 4,400-5,200m is in the peak of oil generating. Correspondingly, the source rock of the Zhonggou Formation is immature; the Upper Xiagou Formation is low mature; and the Lower Xiagou Formation and the Upper Chijinpu Formation are in the peak of oil-generating; and the Lower Chijinpu Formation is at the stage of generation of condensate-wet gas with high maturity. There is no source rock reaching the overmature stage of dry gas at present.

可溶有机质转化率、镜质体反射率、热解、生物标志物特征等参数表明：青南凹陷中部的下白垩统烃源岩生油门限深度为4000m（相应的镜质体反射率为0.65％），埋深4000～4400m为低成熟阶段，埋深4400～5200m为成熟生油高峰阶段，因此中沟组烃源岩未成熟，下沟组上部烃源岩低成熟，下沟组下部和赤金堡组上部烃源岩处于成熟生油高峰阶段，赤金堡组下部烃源岩处于高成熟的凝析油—湿气阶段，目前尚无烃源岩达过成熟干气阶段。

The research on stratigraphic correlation based on making stratigraphic Division with an important parameter well Bincan 1 in Haerbin-Suihua area by using regional label bed, lithologic character, electrical characteristics, palaeobiology and igneous rock ages shows that sedimentary Covers in this area have Mesozoic Erathem Cretaceous system Huoshiling formation, shahezi formation, yicheng formation, denglouku formation, quantou formation, qingshankou formation, nenjiang formation, Cenozoic Erathem Tertiary and Quaternary.

在运用区域标志层、岩性、电性、古生物和火成岩年龄等对哈尔滨—绥化地区宾县断陷第一口参数井宾参1井进行详细地层划分的基础上对本区进行了地层对比，研究表明本区沉积盖层自下而上发育中生界白垩系火石岭组、沙河子组、营城组、登娄库组、泉头组、青山口组及嫩江组，新生界第三系和第四系。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。