瘤牛

Molecular tree showed that haplotypes from Bubalus bubalis and Bos indicus clustered on their own and there were apparent differentiation between Bubalus bubalis, Bos indicus and other bovine species. There was no apparent differentiation among Bos taurus, Bos grunniens, Bos frontalis and they maybe produced apparent differentiation gradually in the process of evolution.

分子进化树显示，水牛、瘤牛独自成类并与其他牛种显著分化；普通牛、牦牛、大额牛间的序列分化程度并不明显，但有可能在进化过程中逐步产生明显的分化。

Based on the introduces and analysis of the basical condition of cattle rearing,this paper briefly reviews the distribution,appearence character,adatpability,main production performance of Yunnan cattle speciesYunnan yelow cattle,Zebu,Gayal,Zhongdian yak,Yunnan buffaloe.

在全面评价分析云南发展养牛业条件的基础上，对云南省的地方牛种资源（云南黄牛、云南瘤牛、中甸牦牛、大额牛和云南水牛）的分布、外形特征、适应性、主要生产性能作了简明扼要的评述。

Then,a very special haplotype il discovered in 27 Chinese cattle breeds, including 11 breeds in this study and 16 breeds in the GenBank,played the role of a nucleus in Chinese zebu and was further discussed.

云南牛品种的单倍型非常丰富证明了云南在中国黄牛起源上的重要地位；在27个中国黄牛品种中(本研究11个品种以及GenBank上的16个品种)找到了中国瘤牛的核心单倍型i1，并且对它进行了讨论。

At the same time, the construction of Chinese zebu core group based on haplotype il validated the distinct origin of Bos indicus in Tibet, which was different from that of the other cattle breeds with zebu haplotypes in China.

同时证明了西藏瘤牛独立于中国瘤牛核心类群的特殊性。

In the phylogenetic tree, the cattle and zebu were clustered together first, followed by the yak, buffalo, pig, human, mouse, and rat.

HSL基因外显子Ⅰ部分核苷酸序列进行多序列对位排列构建的各物种间分子系统进化树结果表明，普通牛和瘤牛首先聚为一类，再分别与牦牛、水牛、猪、人聚类，最后与大鼠、小鼠聚为一类。

Keywords width-forehead cattle;Yunnan Zebu;beef performance

大额牛；云南瘤牛；肉用性能

The partial sequences of exon Ⅰ of hormone-sensitive lipase genes in yak, cattle, zebu, and buffalo were analyzed. Comparisons of these sequences and the deduced amino acid sequences with the homologous HSL gene and protein sequences in other mammalian species including pig, human, mouse, and rat retrieved from the GenBank were carried out and finally a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the partial DNA sequences of the HSL genes in all species.

在对牛科中4种动物即牦牛、瘤牛、普通牛和水牛HSL基因外显子Ⅰ部分核苷酸序列进行测定的基础上，与Gen- Bank中其他物种相应基因核苷酸序列、氨基酸序列进行了比对分析，并构建了牦牛与其他物种间分子系统进化树。

We obtained complete coding sequence of myostatin gene from Bos taurus, Bos indicus, Bos grunniens, Bos frontalis and Bubalus bubalis (swamp buffalo and river buffalo) by PCR fragments sequencing method. The molecular evolution characters of CDS of myostatin gene were analyzed.

运用PCR分段扩增测序法，获得普通牛、瘤牛、牦牛、大额牛、水牛MSTN基因编码区全序列，进而分析编码区序列的分子进化特征。

There are three types of Y chromosomes for yellow cattle landraces in China, that is, metacentric Y chromosomes, submetacentric Y chromosomes, and acrocentric Y chromosomes, which illustrates the origin of yellow cattle landraces in China from Bos taurus and Bos indicus.

中国地方黄牛Y染色体具有中着丝粒、亚中着丝粒和近端着丝粒3种类型，这说明中国地方黄牛起源于普通牛和瘤牛。

Under natural conditions, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp, mycoides SC affects only the ruminants of the Bos genus, i. e., mainly cattle, zebus, and yak s.

在自然条件下，丝状支原体丝状亚种SC型只感染牛属反刍动物，即主要是牛、瘤牛和牦牛。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。