瘤牛

Mutation rate at exon of GH in five bovine species was very low with the percentage of 3.48%. The majority of nucleotide substitution was nonsense mutation and only one missense mutation was observed. Molecule tree based on haplotypes of bGH at exon 5 showed that differentiation was apparent relatively between Bubalus bubalis and Bos taurus, Bos indicus, Bos grunniens, Bos frontalis. There was no apparent differentiation among other four bovine species and they shared mutual ancestral sequence.

序列分析表明，5个牛种GH基因外显子5的遗传变异水平较低，平均核苷酸变异率约为3.48%，而且绝大多数位点的核苷酸替换是同义突变，仅发现1个错义突变位点；从GH基因外显子5序列单倍型构建的分子进化树来看，水牛与普通牛、瘤牛、牦牛及大额牛的分化相对比较明显，其他4个牛种之间并无明显分化，还享有共同的祖先序列。

As for modem zebu breeds ,. taurus also highly contributed to their formation , except for the Asian zebu .

对现代的瘤牛品种而言，除亚洲瘤牛品种外，普通牛对其他瘤牛品种育成的贡献同样高。

As for modem zebu breeds , B . taurus also highly contributed to their formation , except for the Asian zebu .

对现代的瘤牛品种而言，除亚洲瘤牛品种外，普通牛对其他瘤牛品种育成的贡献同样高。

Among the four species of Bovidae, genetic differentiation in the HSL genes between yak and buffalo is equivalent to that between buffalo and cattle and between buffalo and zebu.

研究表明，牦牛、普通牛和瘤牛3个物种间的遗传距离大小相近，牦牛和水牛间的遗传距离与普通牛、瘤牛和水牛间的遗传距离大小相当。

Furthermore, the genetic distances in the HSL genes are much smaller between yak, cattle, and zebu than those between each of the three species and the buffalo. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider yak as an independent species of the genus Bos.

牦牛、普通牛和瘤牛3个物种间的遗传距离远小于它们各自与水牛这一物种的遗传距离，它们三者之间的亲缘关系也相对于它们各自与水牛间的亲缘关系都较近，故将牦牛、普通牛和瘤牛划分在同一个属——牛属更为合理。

The mithun mtDNA showed the type of zebu cattle, indicating the close relationship between the origins of mithun and zebu cattle.

大额牛的限制性类型与瘤牛相同，表明大额牛的起源与瘤牛有密切关系。关键词云南黄牛，mtDNA，限制性类型

This indicates that Brahman cattle was one of the zebu breeds and inherited the excellent characteristics of both the Asian zebu and European beef cattle , such as easy calf delivery , high quality beef , heat tolerance and resistance to various parasites .

表明婆罗门牛的确是集亚洲瘤牛，欧洲普通牛等优良特性于一身(易产犊，产肉性能好，耐热与体表寄生虫等)的瘤牛品种之一。

The result shows that firstly,zebu ismost closely related to cattle;secondly,closely related to yak,buffalo,pig,human,lastly,related to rat and mouse.The results of the phylogenetic trees reflect the molecularevolution relationship among these species,consistent with the zoological classification.The genetic distances among yak,cattle and zebu were relatively small,but geneticdistances between these three species and buffalo were relatively large.

研究表明，牦牛、普通牛和瘤牛三个物种间的遗传距离远小于它们各自与水牛这一物种的遗传距离，三者之间的亲缘关系也相对于它们与水牛间的亲缘关系较近，故将牦牛、普通牛和瘤牛划分在同一个属—牛属，而将水牛划分在另一个属更为合理。

H6 heliotype did not found in Nanyang cattle and Luxi cattle. 5 Yellow cattle and yak had different allele in UMN0307 locus, so this locus could be used to differentiate yellow cattle and yak. We did not find yak's allele in yellow cattle populations, which indicated that there was not yak male origin in these 4 populations.

UMN0307 位点在牦牛和普通牛、瘤牛有不同的等位基因，可以用于牦牛和瘤牛、普通牛的分离鉴定；在本实验研究个体中，没有在黄牛中发现和牦牛相同的等位基因，表明至少在这四个群体所检测个体中，没有发现牦牛的父系起源。

In this text, comparing the yak with other genus of Bovinae on paleontology evidence, morphologic character, blood protein polymorphism, microsatellite polymorphism, mtDNA sequence variance, rDNA RFLP data and sequence information of function gene, we find that the yak shows difference in Bos taurus, Bos indicus but close with Bison bison either in paleontology evidence, morphologic character or molecular biology character. So it was better to be considered as one independent genus Poephagus than to subgenus Poephagus or a species of Bos.

本文通过对牦牛与牛亚科其他属在古生物学证据、形态学特征、血液蛋白多态性、微卫星多态性、mtDNA序列变异、rDNA的RFLP数据和功能基因序列信息等各方面研究资料的比较分析，发现牦牛无论在古生物学证据、形态学特征，还是在分子生物学特征上均表现出与牛属中的普通牛Bos taurus、瘤牛Bos indicus不同，而与美洲野牛Bison bison的亲缘关系更近一些，因此将牦牛划分为牛亚科中1个独立属，似乎比将牦牛作为牛属中的1个亚属或1个种更合适。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了