疼痛的

The demulcent effect of HWAP-1 was investigated in inflammation ache model which based on hypodermatic injecting of formalin in rabbit and SD rats. The experiment of formalin is a normal animal model of initiative spastic ache. It is more stable and more effective than other ache models and has much more similarity to major clinical ache. With such advantages, it is applied comprehensively in many kinds of research in clinical pathology ache and clinical analgesia.

一、HWAP-1药效学研究HWAP-1在兔、SD大鼠福尔马林皮下致炎疼痛模型中的镇痛效应福尔马林皮下致炎疼痛实验作为一个标准的自发强直性疼痛动物模型，由于它具有比其它疼痛模型更稳定，更有效及与临床绝大多数疼痛具有更大的相似性等优势，故已广泛用于临床各种病理性疼痛机制研究及临床镇痛药物的研制。

To avoid the development of anticipatory pain and hyperalgesia, the investigators recommend closer attention to pain management for neonates.

为避免出现预期疼痛和对疼痛过敏，研究人员推荐对新生儿的疼痛处理要更加密切关注。

We must change the concept of cancer pain management medical model:Anesthetists should have professional abilities、 capability of health care and prevention、 ability of group cooperation、ability of assessment of new technology ,eliminate fear of addiction on using opioids ;implement interdisciplinary comprehensive appeasement health protection;applyment new technology;adhere to biopsychology social medical model;carry out the policy of human care.

癌痛患者在全部疼痛人群中虽仅占约3%~5%，但癌性疼痛对患者个人及其家庭和亲朋好友，对社会甚至对环境所产生的影响和结果几乎比所有疼痛人群都严重。在晚期癌症中，约80%发生疼痛，其中50%有剧痛，30%剧痛难忍[2]。

Our findings suggest that increased brain activity in ipsilateral pons involved in trigeminal vascular reflex may be related to the pathogenesis of pain in cluster headache.Other brain regions known to be response to pain,such as cingulated gyrus and prefrontal cortex might be also involved in CH attack processing.

同侧脑桥活动增强可能通过三叉神经副交感反射参与了丛集性头痛的疼痛发生机制，其他疼痛相关脑区如扣带回和前额叶皮层等可能也参与了其疼痛发生机制。

Alleviate pain: Hot pack can not only alleviate arthralgia, but also alleviate obviously lumbago, sciatica and dysmenorrheal by putting hot water bag on the local pain area for 1 to 2 times per day and 20 minutes per time; absorption of subcutaneous congestion can be hastened by warming subcutaneous hematoma caused by sprain and contusion with hot water bag 24 hours after the injury.

缓解疼痛：热敷不光可以缓解关节疼痛，对腰痛、坐骨神经痛、痛经，将热水袋放在局部疼痛处，每次20分钟，每天1-2次，也可明显缓解疼痛；对扭、挫伤引起的皮下血肿，于受伤24小时后，用热水袋热敷，可以促进皮下淤血吸收。

Investigators enrolled 34 patients having painful neuropathy for at least six months, as confirmed by electrophysiologic tests. Previously prescribed pain medication was tapered during a one-week prestudy period, during which the median pain rating was at least 4 on a 0- to 10-point scale.

研究员挑选34位经电流生理学检验确认为罹患至少6个月以上神经性疼痛之患者加入研究，于研究开始前一周，逐渐减少疼痛药物的使用量，于此间，疼痛级数中位数约为4 (疼痛级数分等从0至10级)。

Investigators enrolled 34 patients having painful neuropathy for at least six months, as confirmed by electrophysiologic tests. Previously prescribed pain medication was tapered during a one-week prestudy period, during which the median pain rating was at least 4 on a 0- to 10-point scale.

研究员挑选34位经电流生理学检验确认为罹患至少6个月以上神经性疼痛之患者加入研究，於研究开始前一周，逐渐减少疼痛药物的使用量，於此间，疼痛级数中位数约为4 (疼痛级数分等从0至10级)。

There were no significant differences for the firing rates in the site of contralateral TNC neurons among during pre-CSD,CSD,and post-CSD (P＞0.05).For flunarizine group,the firing rates in the site of ipsilateral TNC neurons during pre-CSD were higher as compared with during CSD(P＜0.05).2.1 There were statistical differences on palasma levels of CGRP and SP among the three groups(P＜0.05).The levels of CGRP and SP in CSD group were higher than control group(P＜0.05).No significant differences on the levels of CGRP and SP in ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia were found among the three groups(P＞0.05).2 The number of neurons with positive CGRP and SP immunoreactivity was statistically different in right-sided trigeminal ganglia among the three groups (P＜0.05).The number in fight-sided trigeminal ganglia in CSD group was higher as compared with control group(P＜0.05).The number in right-sided trigeminal ganglia was statistically higher than that in left-sided trigeminal ganglion in CSD group(P＜0.05).3.1 Altered ReHo in ipsilateral pons and other brain regions response to pain such as basal nuclei,thalamus,cingulated gyms and prefrontal cortex was detected during the acute spontaneous attack as compared with during headache remission(P＜0.05,corrected by Monte Carlo simulation). 2 Positive functional connectivity was detected between ipsilateral pons and other brain regions related to pain within pain state and within non-pain state (P＜0.05,corrected by false discovery rate,FDR).Increased functional correlation between ipsilateral pons and other pain-related brain regions such as ipsilateral prefrontal cortex and contralateral subcallosal gyrus was detected during the acute spontaneous attack as compared with during headache remission(P＜0.05,corrected by Monte Carlo simulation).

结果1。对照组未发现CSD；同侧TNC放电频率，CSD中＞CSD后＞CSD前P＜0.05对侧TNC放电频率，CSD前、中、后无统计学差异(P＞0.05氟桂利嗪组同侧TNC放电频率，CSD前＞CSD中(P＜0.05)，CSD前与CSD后及CSD中与CSD后之间无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。2.1关于放免测定，各组血浆CGRP、SP水平有统计学差异(P＜0.05)，CSD组高于对照组(P＜0.05)，CSD组与氟桂利嗪组、对照组与氟桂利嗪组之间均无统计学差异P＞0.05各组之间同侧三叉神经节中CGRP、SP水平未见变化(P＞0.05.2关于免疫组化研究，右侧三叉神经节CGRP、SP免疫阳性细胞数三组之间有统计学差异(P＜0.05)，多重两两比较结果CSD组大于对照组(P＜0.05)，CSD组与氟桂利嗪组之间、对照组与氟桂利嗪组之间无统计学差异P＞0.05左侧三叉神经节CGRP、SP免疫阳性细胞数三组之间无统计学差异(P＞0.05CSD组中右侧三叉神经节CGRP、SP免疫反应阳性细胞数大于左侧(P＜0.05)。3.1局部一致性分析发现两组患者头痛疼痛状态较非疼痛状态脑活动发生变化的脑区有同侧脑桥以及其他疼痛相关脑区如基底节区、丘脑、扣带回、前额叶皮层等(P＜0.05，蒙特卡罗模拟校正)。2功能连接分析发现疼痛状态与非疼痛状态下主要疼痛相关脑区均与同侧脑桥有功能联系P＜0.05，false discovery rate，FDR校正疼痛状态与非疼痛状态比较，同侧前额叶皮层、对侧胼胝下回等疼痛相关脑区与同侧脑桥之间功能联系增强(P＜0.05，蒙特卡罗模拟校正。

In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that preoperative pain education could improve patients' misbeliefs about pain management, reduce the worst pain intensity and pain interference in general activity, mood, and sleep after surgery.

本研究结果显示手术前疼痛卫教可以改善病人不正确的疼痛处置信念，降低病人手术后的最剧烈疼痛强度及疼痛对日常生活、情绪、睡眠的干扰程度。

The results showed that (1) the intervention of preoperative pain education resulted in statistically significant reductions of worst pain intensity after surgery in experimental group compared to control group,(2) subjects in the experimental group experienced statistically significant reductions of pain interference in general activity, mood, and sleep, compared to control subjects,(3) the misbeliefs about pain management were significantly improved after surgery in experimental group compared to control group,(4) no statistically significant differences were found in the score of satisfaction with pain management, or amount of analgesics between the two groups.

研究结果显示：（1）实验组接受手术前疼痛卫教介入措施后，手术后最剧烈疼痛强度低於控制组达统计上显著差异。（2）实验组手术后疼痛对日常生活、情绪及睡眠的干扰程度低於控制组，达统计上显著差异。（3）手术后实验组错误疼痛处置信念的改善程度，与控制组达统计上显著差异。（4）手术后的疼痛处置满意度及止痛药使用剂量，两组间无统计上显著差异。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。