疼痛

At age 25 his elbows and knees became swollen and painful. He was admitted to a local hospital and found to hae lytic lesions in the mandible, claicles and patellae; bone biopsies were nondiagnostic and cultures were negatie for bacteria, fungus and TB. At age 27 he deeloped pain and restricted motion in the temporomandibular joints.

他17岁时出现背下部痛，晨僵，且体重减轻40磅。25岁时手肘和膝盖肿胀疼痛，遂于当地医院住院，发现下颌骨、锁骨和膝盖骨有溶解性病损，骨活检不能诊断，骨培养也未发现细菌、真菌和结核。27岁时，他的颞颌关节出现疼痛，且转动受限。29岁时他因进食困难而来约翰斯。

Methods 120 Primiparas were adopted bupivacaine and Fentinyl for epidural anesthesia during labor other 150 cases were notperformed any labor analgesia. The pain grading was used for Visual Analogue Scale, The pain relief effects , the labor course and situation of the fetal were observed in two groups and compared the relief effects and the labor course .

采用低浓度的布比卡因与芬太尼硬膜外微泵持续给药对120例产妇进行分娩镇痛与同期未干预的产妇150例相对照，用视觉模拟疼痛评分进行疼痛分级，观察记录孕妇三个产程所用的时间及胎儿的健康情况，比较两组的镇痛效果，产程时间。

This is commonly known as a 'slipped disc' but is more accurately described as a 'prolapsed' or 'herniated' disc; the core of the disc leaks rather than slips resulting not only in back pain but also pain in the buttocks, thigh and leg due to irritation of the sciatic nerve.

这是俗称'椎间盘突出'，但更准确地形容为'脱垂』或'突出'光盘；的核心光碟外泄，而非单造成的，不仅在背部疼痛，而且疼痛在臀部，大腿及脚部，由于刺激坐骨神经。

Fierce with pain the monster turned back his head to view the wound, and attempted to draw out the weapon with his mouth, and attempted to draw out the weapon with his mouth, but broke it off, leaving the iron point rankling in his flesh.

疼痛使得那怪物暴躁不安，它扭过头来察看伤口，并用牙齿去拔那长矛，但只是把矛咬断了，铁矛尖扎在肉里更加疼痛难熬。

objective to evaluate efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsyfor treating ureteral stones in situ,investigate the cause of higher re-treatment rate.methods total of 687 patients with ureteral stone were received eswl between january 2000 and december 2004,included 455 male(66.2%) and 232 female(33.8%) patients,6 cases have bilateral ureteral calculi,12 cases have unilateral multiple calculi.hence,together 709 ureteral calculi were treated.patients upper ureteral calculi were treated in the supine position,for lower ureteral calculi patients were turned prone.to reduce eswl-induced renal trauma and pain,using lower energy source,adjusted power setting from 9.8 to 13.2kv,limited 1500 shock wavs per one session.no auxiliary procedure were used before eswl.the stone size was measured as the surface area of stone length by stone width on x-ray film.the interval between two treatment sessions was two weeks.results of 709 ureteral calculi,the overall stone free rate was 97.3%(690 calculi),re-treatment rate was 34.1%(292 calculi).according to the performed treatment sessions,one session 467 calculi,the mean stone size 37.27mm2,stone free rate 65.4%(464 calculi).two sessions 138 calculi,the mean stone size 62.48mm2,stone free rate 18.4%(131calculi).three sessions 52 calculi,the mean stone size 79.60mm2,stone free rate 7.1%(50calculi).four sessions 19 calculi,the mean stone size 101.63mm2,stone free rate 2.4%(17calculi).fivesessions 33 calculi,the mean stone size 119.33mm2,stone free rate 3.9%(28 calculi).overall 19 cases(2.7%)turned to other treatment modalities.of 335 upper ureteral calculi,303 achieved stone free (95.8%),re-treatment rate was 38.5%(129 calculi).of 374 lower ureteral calculi,369 achieved stone free(98.7%),re-treatment rate was 30.2%(113 calculi).the re-treatment rate of upper ureteral calculi was higher than lower ureteral calculi(p＜0.05,χ2=5.40).the difference of stone-free rate between upper and lower ureteral calculi was no significant(p＞0.05,χ2=0.15).conclusion eswl should be considered first line therapy for ureteral stone still.stone burden are the main variable of higher re-treatment rate,upper ureteral stone may moving with respiring during eswl.so efficinet shock wave was decreared,re-treatment rate become higher.

目的 评估体外震波碎石治疗输尿管结石的疗效，探讨再治疗率高的原因及输尿管结石的治疗选择。方法回顾2000年1月～2004年12月间eswl治疗输尿管结石的临床资料687例，男455例（66.2%），女232例（33.8%），平均年龄46.6岁（15～83岁）。有双侧输尿管结石6例，单侧多发性输尿管结石12例（4颗1例，3颗2例，2颗9例），共计输尿管结石709颗（含透光结石13颗）。应用上海爱申公司生产的desunit6030型碎石机，c臂x线球管做结石定位。上段输尿管结石（肾盂输尿管交界处至骶髂关节上缘）取仰卧位，下段输尿管结石（骶髂关节上缘下至输尿管口）取俯卧位。为减少eswl引起的肾损伤和疼痛，应用较低的能量，震波发生器电压从9.8～13.2kv，震波频率1.5s。每次治疗设定为1500次震波。治疗后3天摄腹部平片或b超，以后每隔7日重复检查。假如结石未碎或有残留结石最长径＞3mm以上，再次eswl，两次治疗的间隔时间为两周。结石的大小用x线片上的表面积（mm2表示。结果 709颗输尿管结石总的治愈率为97.3%（690颗），再治疗率34.1%（242颗）。其中一次治疗467颗，平均结石大小37.27mm2，治愈464颗（65.4%），3颗改治疗；两次治疗138颗，平均结石大小62.48mm2，治愈131颗（18.5%），7颗改治疗；第1和第2次治疗治愈率（1个月治愈率）为83.8%。3次治疗52颗，平均结石大小79.60mm2，治愈50颗（7.1%），2颗改治疗；4次治疗19颗，平均结石大小101.63mm2，治愈17颗（2.4%），2颗改治疗；5次及5次以上治疗33颗，平均结石大小119.33mm2，治愈28颗（3.9%），5颗改治疗。总计19颗（2.7%）结石改变治疗方式。上段输尿管结石335颗，治愈321颗（95.8%），再治疗129颗（38.5%）。下段输尿管结石374颗，治愈369颗（98.7%），再治疗113颗（30.2%）。经χ2检验，上、下段输尿管结石的再治疗率差异有显著性（χ2=5.40，p＜0.05），治愈率差异无显著性（χ2=0.15，p＞0.05）。不良反应：血压升高13例（1.9%），震波区域疼痛26例（3.8%），震波进入处皮肤点状淤血33例（4.8%），肉眼血尿128例（18.6%），均于第2、3天自行消失。结论 eswl目前仍是输尿管结石的第一线治疗，结石的大小是再治疗率高的主要因素。结石的位置有影响，上段输尿管结石可随呼吸移动，有效震波次数减少，再治疗率比下段输尿管结石高。eswl前注重病例筛选可降低再治疗率。

INTRODUCTION: Estrogen sensitizes responses to painful stimuli,but its contribution to acute and chronic pain from the uterinecervix is unknown.

引言：已知雌激素能增敏疼痛刺激反应，但尚不清楚是否归因于宫颈的急慢性疼痛。

Thus, identifying the multiple neural networks subserving these functional aspects and harnessing this knowledge to manipulate the pain response in new and beneficial ways are challenging tasks.

因此，鉴定出这些负责疼痛各功能要素的多级神经元网络，并利用所获知识更好地治疗疼痛，已经成为摆在人们面前的艰巨任务。

Methods 58 cases of treatment group applied the procedure of emergency operation and primary suturing wound were compared with 56 cases of controlled group used the procedure of traditional dissection and unclosing wound on healing time,pain,anal swelling and bleeding,infection,etc after operation.

治疗组对血栓外痔实施切除后一期缝合，对照组对血栓外痔切除后切口不缝合，观察比较术后愈合时间、疼痛、水肿、出血、感染等情况。结果治疗组术后愈合时间、疼痛、作者：吴汉泉，杨德群，刘明奎，张洁目的研究急诊手术一期缝合治疗血栓外痔的可行性。

Study limitations include small sample size, exclusion of several potentially eligible children because of medication-related drowsiness or refusal to participate, limited ability to generalize the results, and testing of some children more than once resulting in a learning effect or decreased pain due to healing. Older children found the game too simple and therefore not as distracting as the younger children reported it to be. Because the VR equipment was not waterproofed, pain responses could not be determined through an entire dressing change, including during wound debridement in the bathroom.

这项试验的限制因素，包括样本数很小、排除许多潜在合适的儿童，因为药物相关的嗜睡或是拒绝参与试验，而限制了这个试验结果的普遍性，而且对许多儿童进行一次以上的试验会造成一种记忆效果，或是因为复原而减少疼痛；年龄较大的儿童觉得这些游戏太过简单，因此不像对年龄较小的儿童一样，那麼地吸引人；且因为VR装备不是防水的，因此疼痛反应不能在换衣服时评估，包括於浴室时清创时。

The big thing in withstanding pain is our attitude toward it.

这种抵挡疼痛的奇事是我们对待疼痛的态度。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。