疫苗

The Joint Commission and the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines recommend an annual flu shot for all patients 50 years or older and a pneumococcus vaccine for patients 65 years or older. But the guidelines call for both vaccinations across the board for all patients with generalized malignancy, given their decreased immunity to naturally occurring pathogens.

联合会与美国疾病管制与预防中心的指引建议，所有50岁以上的病患都应该接受每年一次的流行性感冒疫苗注射，而65岁以上病患每年须接受肺炎链球菌疫苗注射；至於全身性癌症病患，指引的建议是应该接受这两种疫苗注射，因为这些病患对抗这些自然发生病原菌的能力较差。

The homologies of nucleotides and amino acids of G genes of the three isolates were 82.8%-83.1% and 88.0%-90.1% to those of aG, PV and ERA strains, and 86.7%-87.1% and 92.0% to those of CTN strain respectively. Conclusion Few variation was observed in the five rabies street virus strains isolated recently in China.

将3株街毒与人用疫苗株aG、PV和兽用疫苗株ERA的G基因进行比较，核苷酸同源性在82.8%~83.1%之间，氨基酸同源性在88.0%~90.1%之间；而与人用疫苗株CTN比较，核苷酸同源性在86.7%~87.1%之间，氨基酸同源性均为92.0%。

Researchers at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University have identified two small protein fragments that could be developed into an anthrax vaccine that may cause fewer side effects than the current vaccine.

每日科学 2009年9月7日犹太大学爱因斯坦医学院的科学家已经确认了两种蛋白质碎片可以发展为炭疽疫苗，这种疫苗可能比目前使用的疫苗副作用更小。

DCs acquired by our reformed methods express both CD83 and CD 14 molecules highly, and have a higher density than other domestic reports. The higher TNF in DCs culture medium of HC patient suggests DCs in patient still have antigen presenting ability and by optimization the culture medium would improve its presenting ability and have a potential value in design and application individual vaccine. Although antigens pulsed DCs have a decrescent antigen presenting ability but BCG HSP70 could induce its mature and improve its presenting ability. Suggests BCG HSP70 would be a useful mature inducer. Lymphocytes primed by DCs based HC vaccine have the specific cytotoxicity against HCC lines. The CTL after freezing and anabiotic could prophylaxis and therapy HC xenograft on nude mouse. The results also suggests that CD4〓 lymphocytes play a important role in HC with a good differentiation and would be useful in treatment this kind of HC. After being activated by Peptide LLNQHACAV of hAFP and apoptotic HCCs pulsed DCs respectively, the culture medium of activated lymphocytes both contains a high level Th1 cytokines IL-12 and TNF. Primed lymphocytes appeared a characteristic of NK cells. DCs not only inhibited the growth of human HCC and other cancer cells in vitro but also prevented the growth of HC xenograft on nude mouse in vivo. There are at least three kinds of mechanism playing important role in DC based vaccine ,there are inhibition of DCs, HC specific CTL and cytokines pathway.

诱导出的DC共同表达CD83和CD14分子，CD83分子表达明显高于国内报道；肝癌患者DC培养上清中TNF水平高于健康人，提示肝癌患者DC仍具一定的抗原呈递能力，适当调控可使其行使APC功能，以期在肝癌个体化疫苗中发挥作用；DC负载肝癌可溶性抗原后，抗原呈递能力降低，BCG HSP70可促进DC成熟，增加其抗原呈递能力，预示BCG HSP70有可能成为促进DC活化和成熟的另一重要分子；肝癌DC疫苗在体外诱导肝癌特异性淋巴细胞，活化的淋巴细胞在体外对肝癌细胞的杀伤以特异性CTL为主，同时分泌较高水平Th1型细胞因子IL-12和TNF，并抑制4种肝癌细胞生长；冷冻复苏后的肝癌特异性淋巴细胞可以预防和抑制人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤，提示DC负载肝癌可溶性抗原后诱发的MHC-Ⅱ类限制性CD4〓T细胞有可能在分化程度高的肝癌治疗中发挥作用；用DC和HLA-A2〓DC分别负载凋亡肝癌细胞和hAFP218-226位LLNQHACAV HLA-A2限制性九肽，在体外诱导肝癌特异性淋巴细胞，活化后的CTL细胞分泌较高水平的Th1型细胞因子IL-12和TNF，并具较强杀伤活性，此CTL同时具备NK细胞特征；DC对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用可能是通过吞噬实现的，Fas-L在DC抑制中也起一定作用；DC对人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤的抑制率为97％；在肝癌DC疫苗的作用中，至少联合3种以上机制，即通过DC的直接作用、肝癌特异性CTL和细胞因子途径直接或间接地杀伤和抑制肝癌细胞。

To solve the problem and improve the safety of gene therapy, we used microencapsule, a insulation tool of cell transplantation immunity, to encapsule human fibroblastlike bone marrow stroma cells transfected by part of CEA gene and produced microencapsulated CEA transgeneic cell vaccines; we also studied the expression of vaccine in mouse body as well as its immunologic characteristics.

为解决上述问题、提高基因治疗的安全性，本研究采用细胞移植免疫用隔离工具-微胶囊包裹转染部分CEA基因的人成纤维样骨髓基质细胞HFCL，制备出CEA微囊化转基因细胞疫苗，并进行了疫苗在小鼠体内的表达及其免疫学性质的研究，探讨该疫苗应用于CEA阳性肿瘤治疗的可能性，并为进一步的临床应用研究奠定了基础。

The PSCA_3 fragment was selected for its superior expression level in eukaryotic cells.Then the sig-PSCA_3-Fc-GPI genetic fragment was cloned into pVAX1-neo-IRES-GM/B7 vector to construct the final immunological inhanced DNA vaccine pVAX1-PSCA_3-FcGB. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used to confirm the expression of PSCA_3 fragment by transfected into Cos7 cell.Finally,the anti-tumor effect of pVAX1-PSCA_3-FcGB was tested in murine prostate cancer model generated by RM-1 cell line.The animal was immunized with pVAX1-PSCA_3-FcGB DNA vaccine by intramuscular injection plus electroporation,pVAX1 and pVAX1-PSCA_1-FcGB plasmid were used as control.The inhibitory effect of tumor was investigated by observion of forming time,volume and inhibition ratio of tumor.Results:DNA sequencing conformed that the heterological PSCA fusion antigen fragment which was synchronized by overlapping-extending-PCR,was consistent to design.Enzyme digestion analysis showed that the 1 to 4 copies heterological PSCA fusion antigen fragments were constructed successfully.

方法(1)检索GenBank，选择包含人主要T细胞抗原表位序列的人PSCA基因片段，应用异种化抗原设计技术，保留人T细胞抗原表位，设计异种化PSCA融合抗原片段；(2)根据核酸序列按中心模板法设计引物，应用重叠延伸PCR技术拼接合成异种化PSCA融合抗原片段基因，以PCR、限制性酶切和DNA序列测定法进行鉴定：(3)利用DNA限制性内切酶BssHⅡ和MluⅠ酶切后粘端互补的特点，采用同尾酶法构建1—4拷贝异种化PSCA融合抗原片段(PNCA_1-PSCA_4)，并将上述片段分别插入真核表达载体pCI-neo-Fc-GPI中，转染293T细胞，借助免疫荧光+流式细胞术考察插入片段表达效率，最终选定PSCA_3片段进行下一步研究；(4)将sig-PSCA_3-Fc-GPI基因片段自pCI-PSCA_3-Fc-GPI质粒上切下，插入pVAX1-neo-IRES—GM/B7载体中，构建免疫增效DNA疫苗pVAX1-PSCA_3-FcGB，并应用转染Cos7细胞+免疫荧光/流式细胞术方法鉴定其在真核细胞中的表达情况；(5)给8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠皮下种植RM-1细胞，制备小鼠前列腺癌模型，并采用股四头肌肌肉注射+电脉冲法(Electroporation，EP)接种DNA疫苗质粒pVAX1-PSCA_3-FcGB，同时接种pVAX1空载体质粒和pVAX1-PSCA_1-FcGB质粒作为对照，通过观察计算免疫动物的成瘤时间、肿瘤体积和抑瘤率，来评价该DNA疫苗在小鼠体内的抑瘤效果。

The high sensitivity and specificity of real time RT-PCR were shown by The test result, 10~7 of the diluted allantoic fluid infected by AIV can also be detected, and has no cross-reaction with common Avian virus and Avian vaccines, such as low virulent NDV and IB V vaccine.5 days after the broiler has been injected with AIV vaccine, no matter hypodermal or muscular injection, the real time RT-PCR has not found any AIV nucleotide, indicating the use of AIV vaccine has no effect on the test results.

在检测禽流感感染的尿囊液时，尿囊液稀释至10~(-7)仍可检出病毒核酸，荧光RT-PCR方法的特异性也很强，检测时与禽群常用的疫苗如新城疫弱毒疫苗、传染性支气管炎弱毒疫苗等均不出现交叉反应。

objective to study the efficacy of the tr/patoc 1 slide agglutination assay for vaccination new pentavalent whole cell vaccine for leptospirosis.methods using tr/patoc 1 slide agglutination assay to detect the searial of serum specimens of 100 healthy people after vaccination for leptospirosis and comparing with the microsopic agglutination test.results both basic immunizaton and 20 days after the enhanced immunization,their positive seroconversion rates were higher than 90% in tr/patoc 1 slide agglutination assay,they were not signficantly different between slide agglutination assay and mat,the antibody titer was greatly lower in 90 days after basic immunization.conclusion the tr/patoc 1 slide agglutionation assay was one of useful assays in evaluation the lately immune efficency of leptospira vaccination.

目的 采用tr/patoc 1玻片凝集试验评价钩端螺旋体疫苗免疫效果及应有价值。方法采用tr/patoc 1玻片凝集试验检测100名健康人钩端螺旋体疫苗免疫后的血清抗体变化，并与显微镜凝集试验比较。结果无论是基础免疫还是加强免疫20？d后，玻凝试验抗体阳性率高达90%以上，与标准的显微镜凝集试验比较差异无统计学意义，玻片凝集试验检测的抗体持续时间较短，90？d后阳性率已大幅度降低，表明sat检测的抗体是早期抗体。结论 tr/patoc 1玻片凝集试验操作简易，可以作为基层卫生机构监测钩端螺旋体疫苗近期免疫效果的方法之一。

Rabic vaccine is one of the earlest and the most successful vaccine used for human. It's development went through several stages: animal brain tissue live vaccine, inactivated vaccine, prima cells culture inactiveted vaccine and cells cullture purified vaccine. Rabic vaccine plays a positive role in that prevent and control rabic epidemic.

人用狂犬病疫苗是世界上最早研制成功和使用的疫苗之一，经历了用动物脑组织制备的活疫苗、灭活疫苗、原代细胞培养灭活疫苗和细胞培养精制纯化疫苗等几个阶段，它为人类防治和控制狂犬病的传播起了积极的作用。

Experimental animals exhibited specific antibodies that were detectable 15 days after the first injection and increased steadily, the IgG2a-specific antibody titers of DNA groups were higher than IgG1-specific antibody titers, and the recombinant protein groups were contrary. The DNA vaccines elicited a T-cell-proliferative responses as well as IFN-γ production upon restimulation with the specific antigens using ELISPOT assay; the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ were lower than that of the control mice.

本研究成功构建了布鲁氏菌基因工程疫苗，在国内尚属首次，利用流式细胞仪的分型技术和ELISPOT法评价布鲁氏菌疫苗的细胞免疫指标将促进我国兽用疫苗及相关产品的实验室质控标准方法的建立和发展，为他们的临床应用奠定基础。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。