疫苗

Or a universal vaccine to be effective, however, Fiers pointed out that it must be administered nasally because nose drops, unlike flu shots, don't require medical expertise to be administered.

指出，在使通用疫苗发挥效力的同时，我们针对滴鼻剂要在操作时保护鼻子，而不像注射流感疫苗不需要医学专业技能。

To evaluate the effect of PRRSV on humoral and cellular immune responses,threeweek old SPF piglets and conventional piglets with antibody to PRRSV were inoculated nasally with PRRSV BJ 4 strain,and immunized intramuscularly with hog cholera vaccine 48 hours postinoculation.

对 2 0日龄 SPF猪和 2 0日龄猪繁殖与呼吸综合征血清阳性猪，人工感染猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒北京分离株( BJ-4 )后 4 8h接种猪瘟疫苗，利用 ELISA方法检测仔猪针对 PRRSV和猪瘟疫苗的体液免疫，利用 MTS法检测仔猪外周血单核细胞对有丝分裂原 Con A的刺激反应。

Results: The natural infection rate of chidren and women of child-bearing age is respectively 5.19%and 75.13%.There is no bad reaction after inoculating the nettle rash vaccine.All Children group antibody transfer to positive, while women of child-bearing age has only one negative, and GMT increase, it is a positive antibody level to propose long notably after vaccine inoculation.

结果儿童和育龄妇女的自然感染率分别为5.19%和75.13%，接种风疹疫苗后无不良反应，儿童组抗体全部转为阳性，育龄妇女仅1例为阴性，几何平均滴度增高，接种疫苗后显著提升抗体水平。

As the exosomes are derived from tumor cells, carry tumor antigens and share characters with most of the vaccines prepared previously, they are a kind of noncellular novel vaccine.

由于这种EXOSOME来自于肿瘤细胞，携带有肿瘤抗原，又有几乎所有目前研制的高效肿瘤疫苗所必须的公刺激信号的特性，强烈提示这是一种非细胞性的新型疫苗。

Nucleic acid vaccine is a novel vaccine that has attracted lots of attention in recent years.

核酸疫苗是近年来倍受瞩目的一种新型疫苗。

Q: There is a one-millionth chance of a vaccine going bad. So far, we have given the vaccine 30 million times, and we admit that there are two to three cases of vaccines going bad. Is this because our vaccines are so much better than average?

记者：本来疫苗的异常率是百万分之一，但是现在我们注射三千万人次，据我们官方承认也就两三个，是否我们质量高于大家的平均数，我们疫苗质量非常好。

Parasite nucleic acid vaccine,a new type of vaccine emerging and developing in recent years,can induce not only humoral immunity,but also a high level of cellular immune responses.Parasite DNA vaccine displayed a great advantage in the prevention of parasitosis.

核酸疫苗(nueleie aeid vaeeine，DNA vaeeine)，也常被称为基因疫苗是指将编码某种抗原蛋白的外源基因直接导人动物细胞内，并通过宿主细胞的表达系统合成抗原蛋白，诱导宿主产生对该抗原蛋白的免疫应答，以达到预防和治疗疾病的目的。

The research results and expression product could serve as a basis for further studies on the gene-engineering vaccine, subunit vaccine and nucleonicacid vaccine against Bovine Paratuberculosis.

为进一步研究副结核分枝杆菌基因工程亚单位疫苗、核酸疫苗及诊断试剂奠定了基础。

TheDNA vaccine can effectively stimulate the organism to produce persistent humoral immunity andcellular immunologic response. Meanwhile, using a DNA vaccine dose not interfere with the allergydetection of bovine paratuberculosis and bovine tuberculosis.

由于DNA疫苗能有效地刺激机体产生持久的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答，同时，DNA疫苗免疫后，不干扰副结核病和牛结核病的变态反应检测。

It also can be used as alternative antigen of newgeneration vaccine.In this experiment,we screen the major protective antigen hsp65 gene of MAP in order to developnew vaccine especially the DNA vaccine for the prevention of paratuberculosis disease.The hsp65 genewas amplified from MAP C-2 chromosomal DNA by using the PCR technique.We gained a hsp65 gene of 1 626bp.Then PCR product was cloned into pGEM-T vector by T-A clone technique and therecombinant clone was identified by plasmid size,enzyme digestion and PCR identification.The cloneplasmid of pGEM-T- hsp65 was successfully constructed.The nucleotide sequence and deduced aminoacid sequence ofclone gene was analyzed by DNASTAR software.The result indicated that the size ofhsp65 gene consist with M.paratuberculosis K-10 strain in GenBank and the sequential homogeneityreached 99.1%,the amino acid homogeneity reached 99.3%.The preceding analysis indicated that thehsp65 gene was very conservative in M.paratuberculosis.

为了研发预防副结核病的新型疫苗尤其是DNA疫苗及相关蛋白功能，本研究选择了MAP的主要保护性抗原Hsp65蛋白，以副结核分枝杆菌C-2株染色体DNA为模板，以hsp65基因的特异性引物进行PCR扩增，获得了1 626bp的hsp65基因，通过T-A克隆技术，将PCR产物克隆至pGEM-T Vector中，以质粒大小、酶切分析、PCR扩增及序列分析鉴定重组克隆，成功地构建出克隆质粒pGEM-T-hsp65，以DNASTAR软件分析了所克隆基因的核苷酸序列和推导的氨基酸序列，结果表明，所获得的hsp65基因与GenBank中MAPK-10株该基因核苷酸大小完全一致，两者核苷酸序列的同源性为99.1％，氨基酸序列的同源性为99.3％，表明该基因在副结核分枝杆菌中高度保守。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。