疑难问题

As the most controversial and noted issue in the criminal law theories, abettor theory, which refers to how to determine and penalize an abettor in practice, has been a difficulty often encountered in the criminal judicial practice.

教唆犯理论，可以说是整个刑法理论及实践中争议非常大、研究也非常多的一个问题，中研究最多、争议最大的问题之一，反映在实践中，就是对教唆犯如何认定及如何处罚，成为刑事司法实践中经常遇到的疑难问题之一。

The difficulties and their solution in program design of C were discussed in detail in this paper, which include comparison operation, array, function and pointer etc.

详细介绍了在C语言程序设计中遇到的一些疑难问题及其解决的方法，其中涉及到比较运算，数组，函数，指针等方面的问题。

We started with easy points and proceeded with mounting difficulty, and have focused on the concernful concept-field, then respectively discussed and analysed the interplay among charges and currents, the unification between electric field and magnetic field, the distribution of electromagnetism, and the corporality of electromagnetic field, and so on. we also have made some ambiguous questions clear.

对电磁学中某些重要概念和疑难问题的研究，采用从点到面、由浅入深的方式，以"场"这个重要概念作为核心，分别对电荷、电流间的相互作用，电磁场的统一和分布情况，以及电磁场物质性体现这几个方面进行讨论、分析，并解释某些模糊的、容易引起混淆的疑难问题。

Thus it provides a fruitful approach to solve complex problems.Stemming from the key project——"Research on Dynamic Congestion Warning and Evanesce Decision-making for Urban Traffic Network", funded by Natural Science Foundation Project of CQ CSTC under Grant 2006BA6016,on the basis of reviewing the existing outcome in this field, this dissertation introduces computing intelligence theory to make a comprehensive and deep research on several important problems from urban traffic guidance system.

因此，本学位论文依托重庆市科学技术委员会自然科学基金计划项目——智能交通系统重点项目"城市交通路网拥堵动态预警与疏导决策技术研究"(项目编号：CSTC，2006BA6016)，在总结该领域现有研究成果的基础上，引入新兴起的计算智能理论，对交通诱导系统研究中应解决的若干关键理论问题进行了较为全面深入的研究，试图解决目前城市交通诱导领域存在的一些疑难问题。

For this type, the determination for instigation and the assist for self-injury draw great attention in the theories of criminal law.

三、间接正犯认定的疑难问题本文对间接正犯认定的以下几个疑难问题进行了深入地探讨。

The complex unsteady flow is 3 dimensional and protean, also it is one of the most difficult problems in engineering application.

非定常三维复杂流动，如湍流、非定常分离涡，是当今流体力学的疑难问题之一，也是许多工程应用迫切需要解决的问题之一。

In judicial practice, although retroactivity of criminal law is easily grasped, there still exist some difficult problems in dispute, which need further discussing.

在司法实践中，虽然对刑法的溯及力问题一般比较容易把握，但也存在一些有争议的疑难问题，需作进一步探讨。

In addition, it includes a troubleshooter utility that scans your computer and device to identify problems and offers information and corrective actions to solve them.

此外，它还包括一个疑难问题的实用工具扫描您的计算机和设备，以找出问题，并提供信息和采取纠正行动，以解决这些问题。

This thesis attempts to innovate at two points, as follows:Theoretically, it endeavors to explore the value of SA from the aspect of index error. It analyzes the source of indices\' error, uses its theoretical meaning and economical significance to put forwards some methodic suggestions to some index-related issues, such as calculation of weights in index, evaluation of index formulas, structure analysis of layered issues, and etc.Practically, this thesis quests for the settlements of some difficulties in China\'s compilation of macroeconomic price index by the means of SA. Besides, it tries to make an innovative use of SA to Regional Economics. Improving on Theil\'s index with SA, it makes an empirical study on China\'s regional disparities since reform-policy was adopted.

本文尝试在以下两方面有所创新：理论研究方面，从指数误差的角度挖掘随机指数的理论价值，并围绕误差来源及其本身的理论内涵和经济意义，探讨了诸如指数权数确定、公式选择、分层指数的结构分析和可信度检验等疑难问题；实践应用方面，就价格指数编制实践中的一些具体问题(如基本价格指数的公式选择、高层汇总的权数确定等)提出了随机指数方法的改进方案，并将该方法首次拓展到区域经济学，通过随机方法下泰尔指数及其分解分析的运用，对改革开放以后中国区域经济差距的问题进行了实证研究。

Under the condition that there have been accumulated lots of materials and research findings about sea level change, sedimentology, stratigraphy and palaeogeography in china coastal areas, it is a deserve attention problem on how to clear up the different academically options and resolve the difficulty problem.

在我国沿海地区海面变化研究、沉积地层研究、古地貌、古环境研究已经积累了大量资料和成果的情况下，如何整理分歧的学术见解，寻求对遗留问题和疑难问题的突破是一个值得关注的重要问题。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。