留鸟

From March to May, 2008, we surveyed avian community structures in 3 typical urban forest of Shenyang city (Campus of Liaoning University, Shenyang Arboretum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Beiling Park). During the study, total 25 species of birds were recorded, which included 12 resident species, 6 aestival migratory species, 3 hiemal migratory species, 5 breeding species, and 3 passenger species.

2008年3月至2008年5月，对沈阳市三处城市森林（辽大校园、中国科学院沈阳树木园、北陵公园）中鸟类的群落结构进行了调查，全部林地中共记录到25种鸟类，其中有留鸟12种，夏候鸟6种，冬候鸟3种，繁殖鸟5种，旅鸟3种。

Migratory birds in the summer of 28 kinds of migratory birds, leaving gulls, hunting hawk, white-tailed Harrier state protection for birds; three kinds of migratory birds in winter, white-tailed sea eagle, sea eagle for the protection of Yudai focus; Brigade 13 kinds of birds, the swans, cranes, steppe eagles, gray Falcon focus for the protection of the back; remaining 17 kinds of birds, kite, eagle Wu Hu, Wu eagle, vulture, kestrel, for the protection of focus.

候鸟中夏候鸟28种，遗鸥、猎隼、白尾鹞为国家重点保护鸟类；冬候鸟3种，白尾海雕、玉带海雕为保护重点；旅鸟13种，大天鹅、鹤、草原雕、灰背隼为保护重点；留鸟17种，鸢、胡兀鹫、兀鹫、秃鹫、红隼、为保护重点。

A high percentage of New Guinea's species are endemic, and thousands are still unknown to science: probably well over 200,000 species of insect, between 11,000 to 20,000 plant species; over 650 resident bird species, including most species of birds of paradise and bowerbirds , parrots , and cassowaries ; over 400 amphibians ; 455 butterfly species; marsupials and monotremes including Bondegezou , Goodfellow's Tree-kangaroo , Huon Tree-kangaroo , Long-beaked Echidna , Tenkile , Agile Wallaby , Alpine Wallaby , cuscuses and possums ; and various other mammal species.

高比例的新几内亚物种是只有当地特有，那里可能有远远超过 200，000种昆虫，是科学仍然未辨认的：亦有 11，000至20，000之间的植物物种；超过 650的留鸟种，包括大部分园丁鸟，鹦鹉， cassowaries；超过 400个两栖动物，455种蝴蝶，有袋动物和单孔类，包括 Bondegezou ，古德费洛的树袋鼠，翁树袋鼠，长吻针鼹， Tenkile ，敏捷袋鼠，高山袋鼠，负鼠和 cuscuses；和其他各种哺乳类动物。

All grouse live in the Northern Hemisphere, mostly resident.

所有的松鸡都生活在北半球，大多为留鸟。

Upon that I think, the swallows might be female as migratory bird; and sparrows may be male as resident bird.

于是我想，燕子一定都是雌性的，故为候鸟；而麻雀可能是雄性，所以是留鸟？

In Australia , the Common Myna is considered to be an invasive pest . It has been voted one of the 100 most unpopular species.They will evict other birds from nests (throwing the young or eggs out and attacking the parents).

家八哥是八哥属的鸟类，又称为印度八哥，能模仿人类说话，为亚洲热带地区常见的留鸟自阿富汗印度到斯里兰卡均是它们的原始栖地。

In Japan 590, it is the resident Ryukyu races that appear to be darker and smaller, but still they do not look really tiny like this individual.

在日本野鸟 590 中，留鸟琉球亚种看起来较暗较小，但看起来仍然不像这只个体这麼小。

Twenty two bird species were observed feeding on plant fruits or seeds in the botanical garden, among them, Turdus merula, Pycnonotus sinensis, Cyanopica cyana, Streptopelia orientalis, Urocissa erythrorhyncha and Pica pica were main avian frugivores according to the number of plant species they eated.

南京中山植物园为多种鸟类提供了稳定而多样化的栖息条件和丰富的食物来源，吸引了众多的留鸟和候鸟在这里生活和繁衍。在南京中山植物园内已调查到的鸟类有24科42属54种，包括留鸟25种，夏候鸟14种，冬候鸟13种，旅鸟1种，以及逸出鸟1种。

Quite a few of those supposedly "resident" Ryukyu birds seem to move about a bit and do reach Taiwan e.g. Ryukyu Flycatcher ( F. owstoni; Ryukyu Minivet P.(d? tegimae and Ryukyu Robin to a far lesser extent.

琉球的某一些留鸟有可能短距离移动到达台湾（例如琉球鶲（黄眉黄鶲的琉球亚种，规律出现的过境鸟）、琉球山椒鸟（灰山椒鸟的琉球亚种，应该是规律过境）、琉球鸲鸟）。

A background survey and a species observation on avian were conducted respectively in the Three Gorges Reservoir during 1996-1997,and 1999-2000.354 species,belonging to 17 orders and 51 families were recorded. Among them,153 (43.22%),164 (46.33%),and 37 (10.45%) species are the avian of Palaearctic region,Oriental region and Cosmopolitan respectively. There are 87 species (24.58%) of summer residents,63 species (17.78%) of winter residents,46 species (12.99%) of travelers and 158 species (44.63%) of residents.

1996～1997年和1999～2000年，分别对三峡库区的鸟类进行了本底调查和物种监测，共纪录到鸟类354种，隶属17目51科，其中古北种153种(43.22％)，东洋种164种(46.33％)，广布种37种(10.45％)；夏候鸟87种(24.58％)，冬候鸟63种(17.78％)，旅鸟46种(12.99％)，留鸟158种(44.63％)；繁殖鸟类245种(69.21％)；国家重点保护鸟类9科42种。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。