画家的

The achievements of the colonial artists, particularly those of Copley, West, and Peale, lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste – a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic.

殖民艺术家们的成果，尤其是那些肖像画家、西部的和画家，信任值得夸耀的事，如新的国家有能力鼓励天才艺术家和政治自由有相似的发展的口味，这是艺术能在新的公众面前扮演一个重要的角色前的一个必要的一步。

The achievements of the colonial artists,particularly those of Copley, West, and Peale, lent credence to theboast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and thatpolitical liberty was congenial to the development of taste – anecessary step before art could assume an important role in the newrepublic.

殖民艺术家们的成果，尤其是那些肖像画家、西部的和画家，信任值得夸耀的事，如新的国家有能力鼓励天才艺术家和**自由有相似的发展的口味，这是艺术能在新的公众面前扮演一个重要的角色前的一个必要的一步。

F 47.The achievements of the colonial artists,particularly those of Copley, West, and Peale, lent credence to theboast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and thatpolitical liberty was congenial to the development of taste – anecessary step before art could assume an important role in the newrepublic.

殖民艺术家们的成果，尤其是那些肖像画家、西部的和画家，信任值得夸耀的事，如新的国家有能力鼓励天才艺术家和政治自由有相似的发展的口味，这是艺术能在新的公众面前扮演一个重要的角色前的一个必要的一步。

And yet, in Raissa, at every moment there is a child in a window who laughs seeing a dog that has jumped on a shed to bite into a piece of polenta dropped by a stonemason who has shouted from the top of the scaffolding,"Darling, let me dip into it," to a young serving maid who holds up a dish of ragout under the pergola, happy to serve it to the umbrella-maker who is celebrating a successful transaction, a white lace parasol bought to display at the races by a great lady in love with an officer who has smiled at her taking the last jump, happy man, and still happier his horse, flying over the obstacles, seeing a francolin flying in the sky, happy bird freed from its cage by a painter happy at having painted it feather by feather, speckled with red and yellow in the illumination of that page in the volume where the philosopher says:"Also in Raissa, city of sadness, there runs an invisible thread that binds one living being to another for a moment, then unravels, then is stretched again between moving points as it draws new and rapid patterns so that at every second the unhappy city contains a happy city unaware of its own existence."

可是，在莱莎的每一刻钟都听得到窗旁的小孩的笑声，因为他看见一头狗扑上小屋抢吃一块烧饼；烧饼是棚架上的石匠掉下的；他当时正在向一个年轻的女侍应员高声喊叫："好人，让我尝一尝"；那年轻女子正捧着肉汤满心高兴地送给一个庆祝交易成功的制伞工人；爱上青年军官的一位贵妇人在赛马场炫耀她的镶花边的白阳伞；马背上的军官最后一次跳跃时向她笑了一笑；他是个快乐的人，不过他的马比他更快乐，它跳栏的时候看见鹧鸪在天上飞；快乐的鸟儿刚被一位画家放出囚笼；快乐的画家完成了鸟的插图，描出它每一根红黄斑点的羽毛；插图的书页上有哲学家的话："忧愁的城市莱莎也有一根无形的线，在某个顷间把一个生物连系上另一个生物，然后松开，又在两个移动的点之间伸展，快速画出新的图形，因此，不快乐的城市在每一秒钟都包藏着一个快乐的城市，只是它自己并不知道罢了。"

This was also capable of reflecting economic and political aspects of the society at that time. President Lin Chun-shin pointed out that judged from Western art history, the painting before the eighteenth century would clearly delineate an object but there was a lack of the element of light. In the nineteenth century, Impressionist would raise the brightness of a painting through pointillism using three primary colors and come up with a feeling of light. Despite of the fact Vincent van Gogh's works had been systematically manipulated by painting dealers on the art market, the real reason for his paintings to excel after 100 years were his capability to apply pointillism techniques with distortion to express feelings, which could not be done by other painters.

林俊兴董事长表示，以艺术史的角度来看，十八世纪以前的绘画是将物体清楚描绘出来，但却缺乏光的元素，而十九世纪的印象派画家，却能运用三原色的点描提高画作中的明度，画出光的感觉；虽然梵谷的作品被画商有系统地於艺术市场推波助澜，但真正使其作品百年后脱颖而出的理由，是梵谷能把点描技法加上扭曲，表现出其他画家无法绘出的情绪。

This article selected some archetypically meaningful artists with actual corresponding West Lake landscape paintings as references,including Dai Jin,the founder of "Zhejiang School" in early Ming dynasty;Shen Zhou,the founder of "Wu Schooi" in middle Ming dynasty and Dong Qichang,the leader of "Songjiang School" in late Ming dynasty;Li Liufang,one of "Nine Pals in the Painting";Lan Ying,the leader of "Wulin School" and professor Chen Hongshou who was closely related to the West Lake landscapes.

本文选取了有西湖山水图实物可供参证并极具典型意义的一些画家，包括明代前期&浙派&的开派宗师戴进、明代中期&吴门画派&的开派宗师沈周以及晚明&松江派&的领袖董其昌、&画中九友&之一的李流芳、&武林派&的领袖蓝瑛以及和西湖山水有着密切关联的陈洪绶；清代部分则包含有清前期&娄东派&的领袖王原祁、极受乾隆宠遇的学士画家董邦达以及道光、咸丰年间颇具影响力的戴熙。

E Herder is not the American Action Painter of whom Harold Rosenberg wrote, 'uided by visual and somatic memories of paintings he had seen or made-memories which he did his best to keep from intruding into his consciousness- he gesticulated upon the canvas and watched for what each novelty would declare him and his art to be.

易鹤达不是被哈罗得·劳申伯格所论述的那一类美国行动派画家：&他们由视觉和肉体的对于已经看到过或已经完成的绘画作品的记忆所引导。（他们最好的状态是排除了这种记忆对自己意识的侵入）这些美国的行动派画家以身体的姿势作用于画布，并寻找每一个能够成就他们艺术的新颖之处。&

You buy a bunch of guide books and make your wonderful plans, the Coliseum, the Michelangelo David, the gondolas in Venice. You may learn some handy phrases in Italian.

你买来一大摞的导游书，作了精彩的安排——古罗马的圆形竞技场、天才画家米开朗基罗（注：意大利画家、雕刻家、建筑师，文艺复兴时期的巨匠之一），还有威尼斯的&刚朵拉&（注：意大利威尼斯常见的水上交通工具）。

You buy a bunch of guide books and make your wonderful plans, the Coliseum, the Michelangelo David, the gondolas in Venice.

你买来一大摞的导游书，作了精彩的安排——古罗马的圆形竞技场、天才画家米开朗基罗（注：意大利画家、雕刻家、建筑师，文艺复兴时期的巨匠之一），还有威尼斯的&刚朵拉&（注：意大利威尼斯常见的水上交通工具）。

Taking the relationship of science and art as a starting point, it analyzes the relation between photographing and painting , the artists closely related to photograhing and painting , the artists closely related to photograhing in history and discusses the historical relationship between photographing and painting by taking the experience of specific artists as examples; then by analyzing the reason why artists use photographs , it shows the functions of photographs in creation ; after thens , by doing case study of Chinese artists and their different ways of using photographs, it analyzes different forms through which photographs are exressed.

首先以哲学、科学与艺术的关系为切入点，深入探讨了照片运用于绘画的现象，以及历史上与摄影联系最密切的画家，并且以具体画家为例子来论述了摄影与绘画的历史姻缘；然后通过分析艺术家运用照片的原因，阐明了照片在绘画创作中的具体功能和作用；接着以中国艺术家的具体个案与他们使用照片的不同方式相结合的方法，阐明了照片运用于绘画创作中的不同表现形式。

The labia have now been sutured together almost completely.The drains and the Foley catheter come out at the top.

此刻阴唇已经几乎完全的缝在一起了，排除多余淤血体液的管子和Foley导管从顶端冒出来。

To get the business done, I suggest we split the difference in price.

为了做成这笔生意，我建议我们在价格上大家各让一半。