电离能

In addition to the amino and carboxyl group s possessed by all amino acids, the R group of some amino acids can ionize.

另外，所有的氨基酸都拥有氨基和羧基，一些氨基酸的R基能电离

In addition to the amino and carboxyl groups possessed by all amino acids, the R group of some amino acids can ionize.

另外，所有的氨基酸都拥有氨基和羧基，一些氨基酸的R基能电离

This disassociation is complete so no molecules of HCl are found.

这个电离是完全的，所以没有HCl分子能被找到。

In atmosphere, lightning , strong electric field , rock , ray in soil also can make air ionization happened; Waterfall , fountain , sea wave , rainwater etc., the meeting uses water and the windage but produces a free electron.

大气中闪电、强电场、岩石、土壤中的射线也能使空气发生电离；瀑布、喷泉、海浪、雨水等，会使水与空气摩擦而产生自由电子。

The vapour and plasma ignition times of the target are got based on the equation of heat conduction and cascade model. We suppose that the plasma is ignited when 210 generations of new electrons are born in vapour generation time. The influence of temperature on the thermodynamics and optics parameters of material also have been considered in the model. The resulting theory has good agreement with the experiment and overseas report. A blade method to measure the laser spot is given in this paper with validation and error analysis. The plasma threshold of metals in atmosphere and water ambients both are diagnosed with the light deflection and piezoelectric transducer. A Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at infrared (1064nm), visible(532nm) and ultraviolet (355nm) wavelengths has been used. Al、Fe、Cu are used as targets and get a similar results with both method. Theoretical and experimental analyses are applied on the influence of wavelength on the threshold have been done, both of which have shown that the plasma threshold of metals decrease as the laser wavelength increases; The plasma threshold of metals are higher in water than in air and the pressure of the shock wave in water is five times higher than in air.

从热传导方程和雪崩电离机制出发，假设当电子增值2~(10)倍时，考虑了温度对材料热力学和光学参数的影响时，得到了气化和等离子体点燃的时间，利用该模型进行计算得到的结果与国内外报道及自行通过实验测得的阈值基本一致；提出了利用刀刃法测量激光光斑面积的方法，并通过实验进行了验证和误差分析；利用光偏转装置和压电换能器分别对空气和水中金属等离子体点燃阈值进行了实验诊断，激光器均为调Q—YAG激光器(波长1064nm，532nm，355nm，脉宽10ns)，靶材分别为Al、Fe和Cu，两种测试方法得到的等离子体点燃阈值基本一致；本文从实验和理论计算两个方面讨论了波长对等离子体点燃阈值的影响，均得到了等离子体点燃阈值随着波长的增加而减小的结论；对空气中和水中不同环境下金属等离子体的点燃阈值进行了比较研究，得到了金属在水中的等离子体点燃阈值比空气中的大，且水中产生的冲击波的压强是空气中的5倍左右的结论。

In simple terms, the atomic or molecular electronic after the impact, will be excited to a higher energy state, even ionization.

简单来说，分子或原子受电子碰撞后，会被激发至较高的能态，甚至被电离。

The modified expression of the broad emission-line profiles ire derived for the outflow kinematics model of the BLR driven by the radiation pressure. Taking into account the difference between the two lines HeI λ5876 and Hβ, it is shown the fact that the observed line width of HeIλ 5876 is broader than that of Hβ cannot be explained by the popular outflow BLR model evoked by W. G. Mathews. For comparison, line profiles of the gravitational infall model and orbital disk model are also calculated; the later is in good agreement with the observations Thereupon, conclusion is reached that the gravitational infall is an important process in the real BLR gas motion.

1推导了辐射压加速宽线云团径向外流，以及引力下落和转动等BLR运动学模型的谱线轮廓表达式，并考虑到光致电离计算表明的云团本身对Hβ和HeIλ5876谱线的辐射差异，用数值方法计算了它们的谱线轮廓，发现普遍流行的辐射加速气体外流模型不能解释HeIλ5876线宽大于Hβ线宽的观测事实，而引力下落模型则可以较好地解释观测，因此我们倾向于认为、径向内流运动很可能是BLR内的发射线云团真实运动的一个重要成分。

After the equivalent electron source is obtained by analytical method, Monte Carlo method is used to calculate its energy deposition in the ionization chamber.

本研究结果表明，用等效电子源理论计算的电离室响应最接近实验值，在实验值变化幅度最大达数十倍的情况下仍能保持良好的一致性。

Screen (anti-screen) effect, changes of the ionization potential and the effective charge are taken into account in interpreting the qualitative differences between theoretical and experiment results.

文中还用电离的能变化、屏蔽效应、反屏蔽效应对实验和理论计算结果间的数值差异做了分析。

When a massive proto-star approaches the main sequence, its surface temperature is low and it can not ionize the ambient gas

当一个大质量原星接近主星序时，它的表面温度是低的，因而不能电离周围的气体。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。