电池电流

The characteristics of pentacene/perylene derivatives based organic solar cells are investigated in this thesis Donor and acceptor layers are pentacene and N N'-dioctyl-3 4 9 10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI-2~13C) respectively Twelve organic solar cells with pentacene/PTCDI-2~13C heterojunctions were fabricated to study the influence of various alkylic perylene derivatives on the power conversion efficiency Under the sunlight simulator with AM1 5G filter and 100 mW/cm2 the solar cell of pentacene/PTCDI-7C heterojunction with cathode of Ag/Al bilayer has the best performance among the devices with pentacene/PTCDI-2~13C heterojunctions In PL spectrum analyses the pentacene/PTCDI-7C film had lower recombination rate than the other pentacene/PTCDI-2~13C films; therefore more excitons could reach the P/N junction and enhance short-circuit current Furthermore the PTCDI-7C film grown on the surface of penatcene was more matched than other PTCDI films analyzed by the PL peak shifts of 10 nm and 45 nm thick PTCDI-2~13C and images of atomic force microscope More lattice match between the films of pentacene and PTCDI resulted in fewer defects in P/N junction and more carries can reach electrodes Accordingly the power conversion efficiency approach 2% was obtained from the solar cell with the active layer of pentacene/PTCDI-7C

本研究探讨以五环素/骈苯衍生物异质接面太阳能电池之特性，利用pentacene作为电子施体有机材料，PTCDI -2C~13C作为电子受体有机材料，制作出异质接面为pentacene/ PTCDI-2C ~13C等12种有机太阳能电池，比较不同碳数的骈苯衍生物对於有机太阳能电池之光电转换效率之影响。在AM1 5G、100 mW/cm2的模拟太阳光下，以pentacene/PTCDI-7C异质接面太阳能电池具有短路电流9 882 mA/cm2、开路电压0 376 V、填充因数0 523及光电转换效率达1 945%，皆比其他pentacene/PTCDI-2C ~13C异质接面太阳能电池来的大。由薄膜分析可知PTCDI-7C在这12种太阳能电池中具有较低的电子电洞复合发光效率，可以让较多激子到达异质接面进行电荷分离，减少电子电洞对复合发光的机率；此外，由光激发萤光光谱之峰值位移配合原子力显微镜表面结构图，可以得知当PTCDI-7C成长在pentacene上时会顺著pentacene的结构成长薄膜，故较无缺陷产生在P/N接面处；而在其他结构下则无此现象产生，致使在pentacene/PTCDI-7C薄膜中的载子有较大的机会可以移动至电极，使光电流提高，进而使光电转换效率提高。

Although 1 C formation method increased the battery capac-ity and the negative electrode's ability to absorb O2, it brought negative effects on the performance of high rate discharge, cycle life and uniformity. In the mean time, the performance of the batteries, produced by 0.5 C formation method, was well except for capacity.

指出采用较大电流开口化成制度，虽然可以提高电池的容量及负极氧复合的能力，但对大电流放电性能、循环寿命及电池的均匀性等都带来十分不利的影响；而采用0.5 C开口化成制度的电池，除了容量略低外，其它性能均很好。

In the present paper,the goal applies in the development in the mixed style battery cocurrent of motor driver design in the electrically operated bicycle,the use lead-acid battery and the LiFePO4 battery takes the main actuation power to originate,the iron phosphate lithium battery has the life to be long,the electric discharge power is big and the transformation power suits the high electric current product good the characteristic;The lead-acid battery is in a market condition the quite mature battery product has the high security in the thermostable characteristic,and designs a driving circuit to actuate the cocurrent to have brushes the motor to lead the bicycle advance,comes in the enfilade non-ascent road section use LiFePO4 battery as the actuation electric power to originate,in had the ascent road section use lead-acid battery to come as the actuation electric power to originate, has promoted bicycle's endurance and reduces accumulator cell's energy loss.

本论文中，目的在研制应用於混合式电池於电动自行车之直流马达驱动器设计，使用铅酸电池与磷酸铁锂电池来作为主要驱动动力来源，磷酸铁锂电池具有寿命长、放电功率大及转换功率佳适合高电流产品的特点；铅酸电池为一市面上相当成熟的电池产品具有高度的安全性於耐高温的特性，并设计一驱动电路来驱动直流有刷马达来带动自行车前进，於直路无斜度路段使用磷酸铁锂电池来作为驱动电力来源，於有斜度路段使用铅酸电池来作为驱动电力来源，提升了自行车的续航力和降低蓄电池的能量损耗。

ABSTRACT Aiming at problems of trans-vector controller in a vehicle-carried induction motor such as variable rotor and stator resistance following motor temperature, and their inductance varying with flux saturation degrees. Firstly, CSI and VSI are introduced, for CSI, it can hold the advantages both FOC and DTC using stator flux directional, PI parameter and simulation are also introduced. Secondly, equations of IM in the synchronous rotary frame and its static counterpart, as figuring in the saturation condition of magnetic field, are dealt in this paper and the simulation results are presented. Thereafter, the parameter designing of PI trans-vector controller is processed, which features the non-linear model. In practical realization, as neglecting the dynamical change of motor inductance, this paper employs online modification of inductance parameters, according to the flux saturation, then transforms the non-linear equations into linear ones, and so compacts the structure of controller. Thirdly, in view of the maximum torque output is extraordinary requisite when Electrical Vehicle start up, accelerate, and overtake, this paper issues the maximum torque when both inverter and battery capacity is corporeally definite. Fourthly, on-line differentiating and analyzing both rotor's time constants and its flux by using the expanding order reduction and discrete Kalman filter equation are fathomed, in order to realize high-performance trans-vector algorithm, and also the simulation results are presented. Fifthly, the close-loop regenerative brake system, when the EV's torque is set constant, is deduced; at the same time, unification of electric drive model and brake model is executed. Combined with maximum charge current demands, the mathematical model for online yielding torque as a demand.

本论文针对车载异步电机在矢量控制器所遇到的问题：定转子电阻随温度变化及随电机饱和程度变化的转子电感及定子电感而影响电机调速性能提出一套完整的解决方案：分析了电流型逆变器和电压型逆变器在实现矢量控制时控制器参数的计算，分析出对于电流型逆变器在采用定子磁场定向时，其性能同时具有矢量控制和直接转矩控制两者的优势，并对电压型逆变器在转子磁场定向下的模型进行了仿真研究；建立异步电机非线性模型，推导出考虑磁饱和时异步电机在同步旋转坐标系及静止坐标系下的方程，并做出了仿真结果，建立异步电机在非线性模型下的矢量控制调节器的PI参数设计，在实际应用中，若忽略电机电感的动态变化，可以根据当前的磁路饱和状态而在线修正电感参数，从而将非线性方程线性化，降低控制器的复杂度；考虑到电动汽车在起动和加速超车时需要电机有最大转矩输出，本文讨论在逆变器容量一定和电池供电能力有限的情况下电机最大转矩输出问题；推导了异步电机扩展降阶、离散卡尔曼滤波方程在线辨识转子时间常数和转子磁通，用于实现高性能的矢量控制算法，并给出了仿真结果；推导出了电动汽车恒转矩给定的闭环回馈制动系统，实现了电动控制模型和制动模型的统一，而且结合铅酸电池最大充电电流的要求，为制动转矩在线给定建立了数学模型；设计了基于双DSP系统的高性能矢量控制器软硬件框图，并以大量实验数据说明矢量控制在电动汽车应用的实际应用状况。

In the PEMFC system, the oscillogram of the current is stable while the current is 1A; however, when the current is changed into 2.1A (subject to the power is 230W), the current output fluctuates and twists. After comparing the result generated from the simulation test of PSIM and experiment with the real data, this theory of the dissertation is proved to be workable.

本论文之研制之质子交换膜燃料电池电能转换系统，当电流为1A与1.9A时，电流波形图相当稳定，而当电流改变成2.1A时，此时功率约为230W，其输出电流波形及产生扭曲变形较不稳定，经由PSIM软体模拟与实验比较得出稳定燃料电池发电系统，并且与实际量测结果互相比较，以验证本文研究系统之可行性。

The overshoot behavior of current density of proton exchange membrane fuel cell was analyzed and its mechanism was explained.

分析了质子交换膜燃料电池电流密度的超调现象，从机理上进行了解释。

Three kinds of BCRC No.51534, 10322 and 10675 would be selected and acted as an experimental sample of Escherichia coli. Results shows that Escherichia coli of No.51534 will appear better performance because the maximum of open circuit voltage, closed current and power density are 1.01V, 22mA and 1342mW/m2, respectively. Concerning the effect of culture time with respect to different phase type on the electricity performance of MFCs, the time points on the intersection between lag phase and logarithmic phase, the middle of point of stationary phase for growth curve of Escherichia coli would appear a good performance of MFCs. In addition, the BCRC No. 51534 Escherichia coli possessing a better performance of MFCs than others would be suggested and applied to further studying. Comparison with the performance of MFCs with respect to electron mediator under different mole number, result shows that electron mediator of methylene blue with 4.63mM would appear a better electricity performance of MFCs than others. Concerning the different material of proton exchange membrane with PTFE-Nafion, Nafion 211, 212 and 117 with respect to the performance of MFCs, result shows that the Nafion 117 applied in MFCs will have a better performance of MFCs than other cases. Finally, the effect of molar concentration on the performance of MFCs would be expected at the studied cases of 0.4M, 0.2M, 0.1M and 0.05M respectively for cathode oxidant, result shows that a good performance of MFCs will happen at the condition of 0.2M. Those observations will be useful to improvement of MFCs in the further study.

於上述电池系统条件下，进行大肠杆菌生长曲线、电子传递介质、质子交换膜、电极与阴极氧化剂对电池电性效能分析；选择编号10322、10675与51534之大肠杆菌为实验菌株，依定量培养之生长曲线取出代表不同时生长特性时期的培养时间，利用亚甲基蓝作为电子传递介质进行实验分析从所测得的电量进行分析，以编号51534之大肠杆菌的微生物燃料电池有最大的开路电压为1.01V及最大闭路电流为22mA；当极化曲线中电压为0.47V、电流为11.4 mA时有最大的功率密度为1342 mW/m2；加以负载有平均工作功率密度294 mW/m2；从生长曲线与电性效能来分析，得知生长曲线的迟滞期与对数期的转变点与静止期的中间点有最佳电性效能表现；对於加入不同莫耳数之电子传递介质methylene blue、neutral red与thionine之电池效能表现，则以加入4.63mM methylene blue电子传递介质的电池有较佳平均功率密度230 mW/m2；另对於质子交换膜PTFE-Nafion、Nafion 211、Nafion 212与Nafion 117之电池效能表现，以Nafion 117质子交换膜的电池有较佳平均功率密度340 mW/m2；对於分析加入不同莫耳数浓度0.4M、0.2M、0.1M与0.05M的阴极氧化剂之电池效能，则以0.2M的阴极氧化剂的电池可得到较佳平均功率密度429 mW/m2。

The results show that when the cathode humidified temperature increase, the humidification of membrane and fuel cell performance improved at lower current density, while the saturation in diffusion layer increase and the performance decreases at higher current density. Humidification of membrane and fuel cell performance improved when the anode humidified temperature increase, the saturation in diffusion layer decrease and fuel cell performance improved when the fuel cell working temperature increase, the resistance of diffusion layer decrease and the performance improved when the porosity largen. At last, the simulation results are compared with the experimental results and they are basically the same.

结果表明随阴极加湿温度的提高，在低电流密度运行时膜的润湿条件改善，燃料电池性能提高，在高电流密度运行时扩散层中液态饱和度增加，燃料电池性能下降；随阳极加湿温度的提高，膜的润湿条件改善，燃料电池性能提高；随燃料电池运行温度的提高，扩散层中液态饱和度下降，燃料电池性能提高；随气体扩散层孔隙率增加，气体扩散层阻力减小，燃料电池性能提高。

Deltran SuperSmart Battery Tender Plus 12-Volt 1.25 AMP Battery Charger Constantly monitors the battery without the damaging effects of trickle chargers- a trickle charger will eventually boil dry or overcharge a battery Battery Tender Plus' voltage output compensates for temperature changes- providing additional protection Initial charge brings battery to full charge at approximately 14.2V After full charge is reached- converts to float charger and monitors battery at 13.2V Although a constant charge is being applied to the battery- there is little or no current (approx. 10mA) Periodic maintenance is recommended- but Battery Tender can monitor a battery for years without the fear of boiling or destroying the battery Optional pouch for safe and easy storage or transportation 12V Battery Tender Plus has fused quick-disconnect rings with a weather cover Photo's are for reference only.

Deltran SuperSmart电池投标加12伏直流电1.25腺苷电池充电器不断监测电池的破坏性影响涓流充电器一个涓流充电器，最终将沸腾干燥或过高的电池电池投标加'输出电压补偿温度变化提供额外的保护初始充电电池将全面负责在大约14.2V完全充电后达成，转换为浮动充电器和电池监测13.2V虽然恒电荷正适用于电池很少或没有电流定期维修建议，但电池投标可以监测电池多年而无需担心沸腾或破坏电池的任择邮袋的安全和方便储存或运输12V的电池投标融合加了快速环断开与天气覆盖了图片是供参考仅仅。

19Mm.扫频结束后测蓄电池最终状态,观察电池外观变化 5 Note: The definitions of some nomenclatures of this specification (1) standard charge: 0.3C5A charge at 20℃±5℃ to the limit voltage, then change to charge with constant voltage till the current less than or equal to

备注：以上标准中的一些术语的定义：(1)标准充电：在环境温度 20℃±5℃的条件下，以 0.3C5A 充电，当电池端电压达到充电限制电压时，改为恒压充电，直到充电电流小于或等于 0.02C5A 后停止充电(2)剩余容量：电池经过特定的检测程序后的首次放电容量。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。