电极的

In this thesis, two electrochemical activation methods and two activation solution were used to obtain four types of the activated GC electrodes. Effects of electrochemical activation procedure on the structure, the size, the distribution and the type of electron transfer site on electrode surface have been investigated. Application of electrochemical activation GC electrode has been exploited in electroanalysis of metal ions. Meanwhile, the essence structure and character of electron transfer site of sp2 hybridized carbon material have been explored.

在本论文研究中，通过采用酸性和碱性两种活化溶液，分别以两种不同的电化学活化方法，获得了四种不同的活化电极表面；调查了电化学活化方法对电极表面的电化学活性点的种类、尺度大小、结构以及分布的影响规律；拓展了电化学活化玻碳电极在电分析领域中的应用；探索了sp2杂化类碳材料电极在电子传导点的性质和结构上存在的本质共同点。

In this paper a method for EIT electrode structure and parameter optimizing design,taking example for compound electrode,has been presented,which is based on the coercive equipotential node model of the line electrode.

本文在线电极强制等势点模型的基础上，以复合电极 EIT电极系统是整个EIT系统最为敏感和关键的部分之一。

The control principle of electrostatic shaping was introduced according to the balance between electrostatic force and resulting force formed by membrane deformation and the complex shaping process of SMEC. Then, taking the trisection circularity electrode for an example, the distribution characteristic of electric potential in the electrostatic field was analyzed, namely, the expression of potential function in the electrostatic field was deduced by Laplacian equation. And then, by combining the difference equation with electric potential expression, the numerical solutions of electrostatic force in single electrode mode and trisection circularity electrode mode were disposed. Finally, the calculated figure was compared with the ideal paraboloid and comparison shows that more accuracy would be achieved by multi-electrode control.

根据静电力与薄膜变形载荷作用力之间的平衡关系和静电拉伸薄膜反射镜成形的复杂过程，介绍了薄膜反射镜静电成形的控制原理；以三等分环状电极为例，分析了静电场中空间电势分布特性，即从拉普拉斯方程推导出静态场势函数的表达式；然后，利用差分与电势方程结合的方法，对单电极电场力和三等分环状电极电场力进行了数值求解；最后，将计算面形与理想抛物面进行了比较，结果显示，单电极情况下得到的薄膜反射镜面形不是理想抛物面，若采用多电极控制可获得更高的控制精度。

The control principle of electrostatic shaping was introduced according to the balance between electrostatic force and resulting force formed by membrane deformation and the complex shaping process of SMEC. Then, taking the trisection circularity electrode for an example, the distribution characteristic of electric potential in the electrostatic field was analyzed, namely, the expression of potential function in the electrostatic field was deduced by Laplacian equation. And then, by combining the difference equation with electric potential expression, the numerical solutions of electrostatic force in single electrode mode and trisection circularity electrode mode were disposed.

根据静电力与薄膜变形载荷作用力之间的平衡关系和静电拉伸薄膜反射镜成形的复杂过程，介绍了薄膜反射镜静电成形的控制原理；以三等分环状电极为例，分析了静电场中空间电势分布特性，即从拉普拉斯方程推导出静态场势函数的表达式；然后，利用差分与电势方程结合的方法，对单电极电场力和三等分环状电极电场力进行了数值求解；最后，将计算面形与理想抛物面进行了比较，结果显示，单电极情况下得到的薄膜反射镜面形不是理想抛物面，若采用多电极控制可获得更高的控制精度。

The common capacitance sensor is composed of two-electrode planks which vary in shape and can be fixed in different plane of space. The driving and inductive electrode pole placed in the same plane of the uniplanar scattering-field capacitive sensor. The electric field presents scattering. As the shape of power line in the electric fields is like semicircular arc or ellipse, there is some limits in the measurement depth of uniplanar scattering-field capacitive sensor, and its penetration depth is equal to 2/3 of center distance of adjacent driving and irritable electrode pole.

电容传感器是由两极板组成，极板的形状有多种，两极板一般位于不同的空间平面；而同面散射场电容传感器的驱动电极和感应电极位于同一平面，其电场呈散射状，电场的电力线近似半圆弧形或椭圆形，因而其测量穿透深度是有一定限制的，是相邻驱动电极和感应电极中心距的2／3。

Results show that the servic.e life of TiB2/Cu electrode with a TiB2 content of 1.5 wt% reaches 7700 weld spots, which is 4 to 8 times that of Cr-Zr-Cu electrode materials when coated steel sheets are spot welded; the service life of the composite electrode reaches 30000 weld spots, 2 to 3 times that of Cr-Zr-Cu electrode materials when conventional carbon steel sheets are spot welded.

对 T i B2增强铜基复合材料作点焊电极点焊镀层钢板时的失效进行了分析，结果表明：含TiB2为1.5wt％的铜基复合材料作电极，焊接镀锌钢板的使用寿命约为7700点，是普通电极材料Cr－Zr－Cu的4～8倍，焊接普通钢板的使用寿命约为30000点，是普通电极材料Cr－Zr－Cu的2～3倍。

In each selection period in which three scanning electrodes 312 are selected, a signal-electrode driving circuit 250 compares a bit string in accordance with the column elements corresponding to the selection of the scanning pattern with each of bit strings, which consists of a bit in each position of pieces of gray-scale data D for three pixels at the intersections of a signal electrode 212 and the three scanning electrodes 312, and conversion data Dt is generated in accordance with the comparison results.

信号电极驱动电路250在选择3条扫描电极312的各选择期间，将扫描图形之中与对应于该选择的列的要素相对应的位列，与将对应于信号电极212与该3条扫描电极312的交叉点的3个像素的灰度数据D中包含的由各位的位构成的位列进行比较，生成对应于该比较结果的变换数据Dt。

In chapter three the performance and structure of components of oxygen probe were especially investigated. The Cr-Cr〓O〓 powder was overcome by treatments. The reason of occurrence of thermal peaks on the EMF curves was explained. A water glass based cement which high temperature insulation was around 10MΩ within 10 seconds at 1600℃ was developed for the use of oxygen probe. The effects of tip end thickness of ZrO〓 tube and amount of reference electrode on response time and thermal equilibrium in oxygen probe were investigated. The optimum tip end thickness of ZrO〓 tube and amount of reference electrode addition were determined. It is found that the heat transfer in oxygen galvanic cell is the rate limiting-step in the response process. The national oxygen probe WOS Ⅱ type was designed and manufactured. By three batches of industrial tests its specification reached the level of American Celox Ⅱ type oxygen probe.

在第三章中分别从参比电极、高温绝缘水泥、插接件等组元入手，着重分析了其性能和结构，开发出了适合于钢液定氧用的Cr-Cr〓O〓参比电极，解决了Cr-Cr〓O〓参比电极高温产生收缩问题，解释了电动势曲线产生峰值的原因；开发了适合于定氧测头使用的水玻璃基耐火水泥，其高温绝缘电阻在1600℃，10秒以内为10MΩ左右；同时对ZrO〓管头部厚度、参比电极量对响应时间的影响以及定氧测头中的热平衡进行了研究，得出了合适的ZrO〓管头部厚度和参比电极加入量，确定了氧浓差电池中的传热是响应过程的限速步骤；设计制造了国产WOSⅡ型定氧测头，进行了三次现场定氧测试，其技术指标达到了美国Celox型定氧测头的水平。

Guanine can quench the phthalhydrazidylazoacetylacetone's ECL in acid medium, and the linear concentration range of guanine relative to the ECL intensity is from 2.0×10~(-6) to 1.0×10~(-5) mol/L.The mechanism of phthalhydrazidylazoacetylacetone's ECL on the surface of ITO glass has been discussed according the experimental phenomenon.The phenomenon of ITO self-luminescence has also been studied.It has been found that the machanism of phthalhydrazidylazoacetylacetone on the surface of ITO in different medium is dissimilarity. The phenomenon of ITO self-luminescence may be caused by the interaction of the active oxygen element and ITO's surface.

鸟嘌呤在弱酸性介质中3-(1-乙酰丙酮偶氮)苯二甲酰肼的电化学发光具有显著的淬灭作用，2.0×10~(-6)～1.0×10~(-5) mol/L浓度范围内，电化学发光强度与鸟嘌呤的浓度成良好的线性关系根据相关试验现象对3-(1-乙酰丙酮偶氮)苯二甲酰肼在氧化铟锡玻璃电极上的电化学发光机理进行了初步探讨，并对氧化铟锡玻璃电极自身发光现象进行了研究，研究发现在不同酸度环境中，3-(1-乙酰丙酮偶氮)苯二甲酰肼在氧化铟锡玻璃电极上电化学发光的机理是显著不同的；ITO自身发光可能是由活性氧系分子与ITO镀膜玻璃电极表面相作用引起的。

The formal potentials in cyclic voltammograms of these 3+ valence complexes are followed: Co〓-TPPS (-0.08V )＞Fe〓TPPS (-0.14V)＞Mn〓-TPPS (-0.23V). The electrochemical reaction of Mn〓-TPPS is reversible, and both of Co〓-TPPS and Fe〓-TPPS are quasi-reversible. The standard heterogeneous rate constants of Co〓-TPPS and Fe〓-TPPS were determined to be 1. 4×10〓cm/s and 1.4×10〓cm/s respectively. The rates of electrode reaction are as followed: Mn〓-TPPS＞Co〓-TPPS＞Fe〓-TPPS, e.i. Mn〓-TPPS is the most easily oxidized by the dissolved oxygen, and Fe〓-TPPS is oxidized slower than Co〓-TPPS. Ni〓-TPPS can not be oxidized. It is considered that oxygen plays an important role in the valence change of central metal atom and the rate of electron transfer in some metalloporphyrins.

三价金属卟啉络合物在循环伏安图上可得到三价到二价的还原和氧化响应，电极电位从大到小排列为：Co〓-TPPS(-0.08V)＞Fe〓-TPPS(-0.14V)＞Mn〓-TPPS(-0.23V)，电极反应可逆性也不相同，Mn〓-TPPS是可逆过程，Co〓-TPPS、Fe〓-TPPS是准可逆过程，实验测得Co〓-TPPS的标准电极反应速率常数ks＝1.4×10〓cm/s，Fe〓-TPPS的ks＝1.4×10〓cm/s，电极反应的速率从大到小为：Mn〓-TPPS＞Co〓-TPPS＞Fe〓-TPPS，即Mn〓-TPPS最容易被溶解氧所氧化，Fe〓-TPPS被氧化的速度最慢，Ni〓-TMPyP不能被氧化，因此我们认为溶解氧对金属卟啉中心离子的价态和电子转移速率起着重要作用。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。