电极化的

The polarization goes up with the increasing of the long-range interaction, and the polarization of the center site in the lattice is larger than that of the corner site under the same condition.

随着长程相互作用的增强，铁电颗粒的极化强度增大，在相同的条件下，晶格中心点的极化强度总是大于晶格边上的格点的极化强度。

Based on the theory of medium polarization, the dielectric properties of the mixture of oil and water researched, it is found that the best frequency for measuring dielectric constant of the oil-water mixture ranges between 10〓—— 10〓Hz considering medium polarization, EM wave modes, circuit simplification and so on.

本文的主要研究内容和研究成果如下：(1)根据介质极化理论，通过对油水混合介质的介电特性的研究，结合介质极化、电磁波的模式以及简化实现电路等因素，提出了测量油水混合介质介电常数的最佳工作频率在10〓～10〓Hz之间。

In general we have two kinds of dielectric constant: the absolute dielectric permittivity, V the relative dielectric permittivity r, Vr = 0 = 1 , 0 means the vacuum dielectric constant, dielectric electrode means of EV \\ V \\ rate.

一般我们有两种介电常数：电介质的绝对介电常数，电介质的相对V介电常数r，Vr＝0＝1＋，0指真空中的介电常数，指电介质的电极化EV\V\率。

FBG sensing technology and its recent progress in applications isintroduced systematically;the coupled-mode theory and the sensing principleof FBG are expatiated and the Bragg formula and reflectivity formula arededuced;the work principle, variety and essential characteristic of PZT areexpatiated in detail, and the configuration of PZT parts of an apparatus issummarized. The mechanism of piezoelectric electrostriction is analyzeddeeply, and the normalized control model is introduced aiming at analyzinghysteresis characteristic, and an electrical polarization intensity control methodbased on the aforementioned model which can effectively reduce the hysteresischaracteristic is discussed.

论文系统地介绍了光纤光栅传感技术及其应用的研究进展状况；详细地阐述了光纤光栅的耦合模理论及光纤布喇格光栅的传感机理；推导出了光纤布喇格光栅的布喇格公式和反射率公式；详细地阐述了压电陶瓷的工作原理、种类和基本特性，总结了压电陶瓷器件的结构形式，深入地分析研究了压电陶瓷逆压电效应及电致伸缩机理，并针对其迟滞特性给出了压电陶瓷归一化控制模型，在此模型基础上采用电极化强度控制方法有效地降低了压电陶瓷的迟滞特性。

Instant electric field-induced domain switching, crack initiation and propagation in a poled BaTiO3 single crystal, as well as sustained field -induced indentation crack propagation and 90°domain switching in an unpoled BaTiO3 single crystal have been investigated in situ using optical microscopy.

金相显微镜原位观察了面内极化的BaTiO3单晶在瞬时电场作用下的畴变和裂纹形核、扩展的关系以及未极化BaTiO3单晶在恒电场下Vickers压痕裂纹扩展和电致畴变的关系。

In order to study the mechanism of electrodepositing Zn-Ni alloy coatings,the curve of cathodic polarization of electrodepositing Zn-Ni alloy coatings was determined by changing potential in the system of three electrodes,and the influence of concentration of additive on the cathodic polarization was studied.

为了研究Zn-Ni合金镀层的电沉积机理，采用三电极体系下的动电位法测定了电沉积Zn-Ni合金镀层的阴极极化曲线，并研究了添加剂浓度对阴极极化的影响。

In order to study the mechanism of electrodepositing Zn-Ni alloy coatings, the curve of cathodic polarization of electrodepositing Zn-Ni alloy coatings was determined by changing potential in the system of three electrodes, and the influence of concentration of additive on the cathodic polarization was studied.

为了研究Zn-Ni合全镀层的电沉积机理，采用三电极体系下的动电位法测定了电沉积Zn-Ni合金镀层的阴极极化曲线，并研究了添加剂浓度对阴极极化的影响。

However,there are also slow polarization effects,which can not be described using Maxwell's theory.For the description of both fast and slow polarizations,a concept of boundary screen charges is introduced to avoid the complex electric displacement in dielectrics.Using quantum statistics,the excitation theory of screen charges can explain many properties of electrets and ferroelectrics.

慢极化效应使电介质的极化偏离了麦克斯韦方程组描述的规律，引入边界屏蔽电荷的概念来描述介质的极化过程，可以回避电介质内部复杂的电位移运动，从而能用屏蔽电荷激发的量子统计理论来说明驻极体和铁电体的许多性质。

The ionic transference number t〓 was measured as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure using EMF method. It was found that t〓 is small in both high and low oxygen partial pressure because of the appearance of hole and electron conductivity.

在第三章中介绍了固体氧化物离子电导和电子电导的测量方法，并应用Hebb-Wagner直流稳态极化法和YSZ电子阻塞电极法测量了〓的电子电导和离子电导。

The results show that:(1) MnO2 deposition on the surface is the main factor resulting in cathode polarization, and the flowing of the solution can remarkably reduce this polarization. Furthermore, the buffered solution can reduce the polarization resulting from H+ concentration difference;(2) it is deduced from the polarization curve that the key factor influencing the performance of MFC is microbial number and metabolic rate and the electron transferring rate from microbial to electrode;(3) the power density arrives at the biggest, 824 mW/m2, when outer resistance is 300 Ω, which is accordance to the inner resistance,(284±18)Ω, deduced from I-V curve;(4) the influences of pH and permanganate concentration on cathode potential is in agreement to Nernst equation.

研究结果显示：(1) MnO2在碳纸表面的沉积是阴极极化的主要原因，而溶液流动可以明显降低极化程度；将高锰酸钾溶解在缓冲溶液中可以进一步降低阴极H+浓差极化；(2)根据极化曲线可以推断，影响电池输出功率的决定性因素应是微生物代谢反应速度和微生物与电极之间的电子传递速率；(3)随外电阻的变化，电池输出功率出现极大值824 mW/m2，相应外电阻为300 Ω左右，这与通过 I-V 关系曲线推导得到的电池内阻(284±18)Ω相吻合；(4) pH值和高锰酸钾浓度对电池阴极电极电势的影响符合Nernst方程。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。