电弧焊

The content of this course mainly include the feature, equipment, principle and application of high efficient welding method, for example, activating flux assisted TIG welding, narrow gap TIG welding, hot wire TIG welding, oscillating arc TIG welding, plasma TIG welding tandem MIG welding, hybrid arc welding, surface tension transfer MIG welding, oscillating arc MIG welding, mixed-gas MIG welding, two wire or more SAW welding, friction stir welding and laser-MIG hybrid welding, etc.

主要内容涉及到助焊剂TIG焊技术、窄间隙TIG焊技术、热丝TIG焊技术、摆动电弧TIG焊技术、等离子弧焊技术的基本原理、设备、特点和应用。双丝焊MIG方法、复合电弧技术、表面张力过渡、摆动电弧MIG、交流MIG焊、混合气体MIG焊的原理、特点、设备和应用。双丝以及多丝埋弧焊技术、窄间隙埋弧焊技术的原理、特点和应用。搅拌摩擦焊以及激光电弧复合焊接的原理、特点、设备、应用范围。

If it is too thin, there will be too much arcing through the flux or arc flash.

如果焊剂层太薄，则会有过量的电弧穿透焊剂或存在电弧闪光。

In summary, this dissertation has made contribution to welding arc physic knowledge, discovered the respective spectrum signal features of each kind metal transfer mode, put forward an new approach for detecting droplet transfer in metal gas arc welding and provided enough theoretical and experimental guidance to the further research, meanwhile, it has also predicted the applications of arc spectrum information in other fields.

总之，本文的工作充实了焊接电弧物理和电弧光谱信息的知识内容，提出了熔化极气体保护焊熔滴过渡传感和检测的新手段，发现了各种熔滴过渡的多方面光谱特征，为熔化极气体保护焊熔滴过渡的研究和过程控制领域的开拓，为新型电弧传感器的开发，奠定了理论、实验和技术的基础，同时也预示了电弧光谱信息在其它领域应用的可能。

With the analysis of the radiation theory, energy transmission and the balance properties of the radiation spectrum of the arc plasma, the distribution characteristics of the arc spectrum along frequency, space, and time field was investigated, which provide theoretical foundation for the research on the spectrum information of Pulsed MIG welding.

熔化极气体保护焊电弧等离子体辐射光谱中含有丰富的反映熔滴过渡的信息，本文在对脉冲MIG焊电弧光谱信息深入考察的基础上，首次将其应用于脉冲MIG焊熔滴过渡过程的控制研究中，并真正实现了一脉一滴（1峰0基）的熔滴过渡过程，开创了利用电弧光谱信息控制焊接物理过程的先河。

The sepctrum structures and the differences between TIG and MIG welding arc are analysed.The corresponding relations between metal transfer and welding arc spectrum structure are pointed out especially.

通过分析得出了TIG焊电弧光谱空间分布的差异性和MIG焊电弧光谱空间分布的相似性，着重指出MIG焊电弧光谱与熔滴过渡之间存在密切关系。

Butt Weld and docking and corner combinations Weld, in Weld ends located arc plate and extraction plate in igniting board then leads to the welding seam, joint halfway shall weld joints in front of 2.0 mm Department Firing arc, welding pieces after preheating rod will return to weld the origin, pool filled to the required thickness, before forward welding; Welding speed : Isokinetic welding requirements to ensure weld thickness, width uniform, which masks to look for hot metal and slag bath equidistance (2-3 mm)%; Arc welding rod length : different models and determined that the general requirements of arc length is stable, acid electrode generally 3-4 mm, 2-3 mm normally alkaline electrode%; Welding perspective : According to determine the thickness of two pieces of welding, welding angle has two aspects : First, the angle between the direction of the rod and welding of 60-75 ; The second is the angle between two electrodes and welding around, the same thickness as welding, welding and welding pieces incident angle of 45 ; When the thickness ranging from welding, welding electrode and thick and thin pieces of welding electrode side angle greater than the angle between the side pieces; Arc : admission to the end of each weld should be filled crater, in the direction opposite to the direction of the back-arc welding, arc welding unchanged inside pit in 1974, to prevent the crater bite of meat.

对接焊缝及对接和角接组合焊缝，在焊缝两端设引弧板和引出板，必须在引弧板上引出后再焊到焊缝区，中途接头则应在焊缝接头前方15～20㎜处打火引弧，将焊件预热后再将焊条退回到焊缝起始处，把熔池填满到要求的厚度后，方可向前施焊；焊接速度：要求等速焊接，保证焊缝厚度、宽度均匀一致，从面罩内看熔池中铁水与熔渣保持等距离（2～3㎜）为宜；焊接电弧长度：根据焊条型号不同而确定，一般要求电弧长度稳定不变，酸性焊条一般为3～4㎜，碱性焊条一般为2～3㎜为宜；焊接角度：根据两焊件的厚度确定，焊接角度有两个方面，一是焊条与焊接前进方向的夹角为60～75 ；二是焊条与焊接左右夹角有两种情况，当焊件厚度相等时，焊件与焊件夹角为45 ；当焊件厚度不等时，焊条与较厚焊件一侧夹角应大于焊条与薄焊件一侧夹角；收弧：每条焊缝焊到末尾，应将弧坑填满后，往焊接方向相反的方向带弧，使弧坑甩在焊道貌岸然里边，以防弧坑咬肉。

Flat Welding : choice of welding technology, electrode diameter, welding current, welding speed, the length of arc welding, weld process verification; Welding : welding inspection clearance groove, assembly space whether it meets the requirements, positioning it firmly welding, weld around is not oil, rust; Electrode temperature and baking time should be required, the rod removed from the oven. tempreture-constant drum on the electrode, then used as admission; Latin America : welding supply welding thickness, welding levels and electrode type and diameter, skilled welders and other factors, and to select appropriate welding current; fillet weld arc : fluctuations in the point arc weld end, they are advised more than 10 mm, is not hard arc, sparking arc weld zone from the electrode should be started immediately. Component integration and maintaining so-rod pieces have 2-4 mm gap arc.

1.1.2.1平焊：选择合适的焊接工艺，焊条直径，焊接电流，焊接速度，焊接电弧长度等，通过焊接工艺验证；清理焊口：焊前检查坡口、组装间隙是否符合要求，定位焊是否牢固，焊缝周围不得有油污、锈物；烘焙焊条应符合规定温度与时间，从烘箱中取出的焊条，放在焊条保温桶内，随用随取；焊拉电源：根据焊件厚度、焊接层次、焊条型号、直径、焊工熟练程度等因素，选择适宜的焊接电流；引弧：角焊缝起落弧点应在焊缝端部，宜大于10㎜，不应随便打弧，打火引弧后应立即将焊条从焊缝区拉开，使焊条块结合与构件间保持2～4㎜间隙产生电弧。

Flat Welding : choice of welding technology, electrode diameter, welding current, welding speed, the length of arc welding, weld process verification; Welding : welding inspection clearance groove, assembly space whether it meets the requirements, positioning it firmly welding, weld around is not oil, rust; Electrode temperature and baking time should be required, the rod removed from the oven. tempreture-constant drum on the electrode, then used as admission; Latin America : welding supply welding thickness, welding levels and electrode type and diameter, skil led welders and other factors, and to select appropriate welding current; fillet weld arc : fluctuations in the point arc weld end, they are advised more than 10 mm, is not hard arc, sparking arc weld zone from the electrode should be started immediately. Component integration and maintaining so-rod pieces have 2-4 mm gap arc.

1.1.2.1平焊：选择合适的焊接工艺，焊条直径，焊接电流，焊接速度，焊接电弧长度等，通过焊接工艺验证；清理焊口：焊前检查坡口、组装间隙是否符合要求，定位焊是否牢固，焊缝周围不得有油污、锈物；烘焙焊条应符合规定温度与时间，从烘箱中取出的焊条，放在焊条保温桶内，随用随取；焊拉电源：根据焊件厚度、焊接层次、焊条型号、直径、焊工熟练程度等因素，选择适宜的焊接电流；引弧：角焊缝起落弧点应在焊缝端部，宜大于10㎜，不应随便打弧，打火引弧后应立即将焊条从焊缝区拉开，使焊条块结合与构件间保持2～4㎜间隙产生电弧。

Lateral oscillation arc welding, high-speed-rotating arc welding, twin-wire welding, and ultra NGW can all assure the fusion of side wall and improve the oppearance of weld in relatively small welding variables.

横向摆动电弧、高速旋转电弧、双丝焊和超窄间隙焊4类方式都可以在较小的焊接规范下，保证侧壁熔合，改善焊缝成形，防止焊接裂纹。

Based on the OpenGL technology, the virtual reality technology and Visual C++, the simulation and emulation of the manual metal arc welding process is realized in order to create a modern and slap-up training environment.

为创造现代化、高档次的培训环境，本文基于OpenGL技术，采用虚拟现实技术和Visual C++ 6.0编程环境实现了焊条电弧焊的虚拟焊接过程模拟与仿真。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。