电学

The invention has the advantages that by means of single film growth craft, supporting structures of a pier, a bridge leg, and a deck are accomplished, thus greatly lowering the difficulty and complicity of the craft; the pier, the bridge leg, and the deck are formed into a trinity, thus assuring the mechanical support of the whole micro bridge to be firmer and to have higher stability; meanwhile, the pier manufactured by means of the single film growth craft has a hollow shape, thus ensuring that the manufacturing process of the electrical channel of the micro-bridge structure is more simple, without the need of tapping in the pier; only simple photoetching craft is needed to guarantee the connection between the electrode at the upper end and the electrode at the lower end.

本发明利用一次薄膜生长工艺完成桥墩、桥腿和桥面的支撑结构，大大降低了工艺难度和复杂性，且桥墩、桥腿和桥面三位一体，使得整个微桥的机械支撑更为牢固，稳定性更高；同时，本发明利用一次薄膜生长工艺制作出的桥墩成空心状，使得微桥结构的电学通道制作过程变得更为简单，无需另外在桥墩中开孔，只需简单的光刻工艺即可保证上端电极和下端电极相连。

In this topic, the dynamic analysis methods for piezoelectric vibrator are studied systematically based on the theoretical model, FEM numerical experimentation and FEM governing equation for given compound-mode vibrator, and some valuable conclusions are obtained. The main work accomplished is summarized as follows: 1.Elaborate the main modeling methods for piezoelectric vibrator and the significance and necessity to study the dynamic characteristics of piezoelectric vibrator which emphasize the urgency of this paper. 2.Take the bending deformation induced by piezoelectric ceramic as example, the energy transfer mechanism of electric energy to mechanical energy are analyzed; the motion and force transfer mechanism are analyzed for the longitudinal-bending vibrator. 3.Based on mode assumption and Hamilton principle, the coupling model of piezoelectric vibrator of linear USM is built; moreover, the equivalent circuit model is obtained and a coupling equation represents the relation between electric parameters and mechanical parameters is derived which provides foundation to match the vibrator and driving circuit. 4.Combine the constitutive equation of piezoelectric ceramic with elastic-dynamical equation, geometric equation in force field and the Maxwell equation in electric field and the corresponding boundary condition equation, the FEM control equation for piezoelectric vibrator of USM to solve dynamic electro-mechanical coupling field is established by employing the principle of virtual displacement. The equation lays the foundation to study the non-linear constitutive equation of piezoelectric ceramic driven by high-power. 5.Define the dynamic indexes of characteristic of vibrator and carry out variable parameters simulation by calculating the model parameters and the electric characteristics of vibrator are simulated according to the equivalent circuit model. By numerical experimentation, the working mode of vibration of vibrator and the shock excitation results of the working frequency band which provides the mode frequency to realize bimodal are analyzed. Detailed calculation of the electro-mechanical coupling field parameters is made by programming the FEM control equation.

本课题从理论模型、有限元数值试验、有限元控制模型等方面以复合振动模式振子为例对超声电机压电振子的动力学特性及其分析方法进行了全面系统地研究，得出了许多有价值的结论，主要概括如下： 1、阐述了目前针对超声电机压电振子的主要建模方法，对压电振子动态特性的研究意义和必要性进行了论述，突出了本文研究内容的迫切性； 2、以压电陶瓷诱发弹性体发生弯曲变形为例，分析了压电陶瓷通过诱发应变来实现机电能量转换的机理；对基于纵弯模式的压电振子的运动及动力传递机理进行了分析； 3、基于模态假定，利用分析动力学的Hamilton原理，建立了面向直线超声电机压电振子的机电耦合动力学模型，并据此建立了压电振子的等效电路模型，导出了电参量与动力学特性参量的耦合方程，为压电振子与驱动电路的匹配提供了依据； 4、从压电陶瓷的本构方程出发，综合力场的弹性动力学方程、几何方程、电场的麦克斯韦方程以及相应的边界条件方程，采用虚位移原理，建立了压电振子动态问题机电耦合场求解的有限元控制方程，为研究其大功率驱动下的非线性本构模型奠定了基础； 5、界定压电振子的动力学特性指标，对压电振子的机电耦合动力学模型参数进行计算及变参数仿真；依据等效电路模型，对压电振子的电学特性进行了仿真分析；通过有限元数值实验，对压电振子工作模态附近的模态振型及工作频率附近的频段进行了激振效果分析，找出了实现模态简并的激振频率；利用有限元控制方程，通过编程计算，对压电振子的力电耦合场参数进行了详细计算，得出了一些有价值的结论。

Optical and electrical properties of the pyrite films prepared in this way indicate the superiority of this combined method.

制备出的FeS_2薄膜的光学和电学性质表明了这种凝胶-溶胶水热法结合EPD沉积技术制备FeS_2薄膜方法的优越性。

Ferroelectric thin films possess a set of unique properties, such as electronic, optical, electro-optic, pyroelectricity, piezoelectricity, for many applications in electronic and optical devices.

由于铁电薄膜具有独特的电学、光学、热学、声学等性能，在光电子学、集成光学、微电子学等高新技术领域中有着广泛的应用前景，八十年代以来铁电薄膜的制备、表征和应用已经成为了世界范围新材料研究中的热点。

The full-automatic washing machine synthesized to make use of the mechanics of large quantity, science of electricity.

全自动洗衣机综合运用了大量力学、电学。

Institute of Electronics and Quantum Sciences; National Institute of Metrology of China; Beijing 100013; China

中国计量科学研究院电学与量子科学研究所；北京 100013

Do not confuse the above definitions of lead/lag in the spatial domain with the electrical definitions of lead/lag in the radian domain.

不要把上面定义的空间域的超前/滞后定义与电学定义的弧度域的超前/滞后混淆）。

A sort of silicon diodes were irradiated by electron beam and 63Ni radioactive source, and their electrical capabilities were measured during the irradiation.

本工作采用加速器产生的不同能量电子束和63Ni源的β射线对硅基PiN结型器件进行辐照，在线测量了其电学输出性能。

At a fixed forward voltage, the current is an exponential function of reciprocal temperature,from which the effective barrier height was determined to be 0.784 eV and 0.531eV for the C70/n-GaAs and C70/p-GaAs contacts, respectively.

电学测量表明两种接触均是强整流结，在偏压为±1V时，它们的整流比分别大于106和104，以及在固定正向偏压下，它们的电流都是温度倒数的指数函数，从中确定了它们的有效势垒高度分别为0.784eV和0.531eV。

Application of Time Domain Reflectometer in geotechnical measurements is a relatively new development. It can be used to measure electrical properties of soils that are related to soil physical properties. In addition, TDR has found applications in monitoring ground water level and relative deformation in soil, rock, or structure.

TDR应用於大地工程之量测为一较新的发展，它除了可以量测与土壤基本物理性质息息相关之土壤电学性质，也可应用於地下水位监测及土壤、岩石之变形监测。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。