电子的

In this paper, after taking over coupling effect between electronic spin and orbital angular momentum, to revise the formula of electronic angular momentum in Bohr's theory, and electronic speed formula is obtained in a single-electron system, and to correct the energy level formula of atomic orbit in Schr? dinger's method by relativistic effect, the theoretical improving formula is built for spectrum fine splitting calculation, the calculated values are in good agreement with experimental ones, and reflect changing law of spectrum fine splitting values.

本文在考虑了电子的自旋角动量与轨道角动量的耦合作用后，通过对Bohr理论中的电子运动角动量的修改，推导出单电子体系的电子速度公式，结合对Schrdinger的原子轨道能级表达式相对论效应修正，从而得出本文的氢及类氢离子光谱精细结构值的理论计算公式，应用此改进公式，所得的计算值与实验观测值符合得很好，计算结果也反映了氢及类氢离子光谱精细结构数据变化的规律性。

Moreover, the intensity corresponding to surface excitation in effective energy loss functions decreases with the increase of primary electron energy.

在用Monte Carlo方法模拟电子与物质相互作用过程时，常用Mott截面描述电子与原子的弹性碰撞，而用介电函数理论描述电子的非弹性散射。

For example, at atmospheric pressure, the electron density and temperature, two of the most important plasma parameters, cannot be measured by the Langmuir probe because the electron mean free path is shorter than the Debye distance.

例如，在大气压下，由于电子的平均自由程比徳拜长度要短，因此两个最主要的等离子体参数：电子密度和电子温度就不能用朗缪探针来测得。

It is shown that the electron density of each lattice point is the same although the electron state density varies with the lattice point.And the chemical potential is equal to the atomic energy level as well.

计算结果表明，虽然各态的电子态密度随格点位置变化而变化，但在任意温度情形下，各格点处的电子密度是相同的，纳米晶体颗粒电子的化学势等于格点原子能级。

In this paper, nanopowders of rare earth oxides and tungsten were prepared and 0-3 type nano-composit rare earth tungsten thermionic emission materials were fabricated with novel technics. The raw material selection, preparation technic parameter, structure, physical and chemical characteristic, the rare earth distribution and the emission behavior were studied. The influence between the active layer and the thermionic emission performance, rare earth elements diffusion and distribution along depth were investigated in detail. The surplus RE formation and the electron transfer were discussed in theoretically. The thermionic emission current density of the single surplus RE on the active layer was educed. We adopted "liquid-liquid mixing, freeze-drying and two stage-reduction" working step firstly to produce the RE-W nanopowders including La-W powder, Ce-W powder and Y-W powder.

本文采用细化显微组织的新工艺，制备了纳米稀土钨粉末和0-3型纳米复合稀土钨热电子发射材料，探讨研究其原料选择、制备工艺及参数、结构特征、物理和化学特性、稀土分布均匀性、以及热电子发射特性；系统研究了稀土元素的高温扩散情况、高温状态下活性层中稀土的纵向深度分布、以及表面活性物质和活性层厚度对热发射性能的作用；从理论上分析阐释了超额稀土的形成及其电子的传递过程；并从理论上推导了活性层中单个超额稀土的热电子发射电流密度。

In addition, it is assumable that the electrons returning to Au will cause the degradation of driving force to capture free electrons from TiO2. As a result, the recombination of electron-hole pairs tends to be increased.

另外，苯乙硫醇将电子回传给金时，造成金吸引二氧化钛电子的趋动力下降，减低捕捉二氧化钛自由电子的能力，增加电子电洞对复合的机率。

The tryptophan residues play important roles in DNA photoreactivation catalyzed by CPD photolyases. We have investigated the action mechanism concerning Trp in DNA photoreactivation, and obtained the results as follows: 1 We proposed a mechanism of photosensitized splitting of CPDs by Trp and Trp-containing peptides. 2 Quantum yields of splitting of the model compounds that a Trp linked covalently a CPD were obtained under 290 nm light in various solvents, these values changing with solvent, range from 0.01 to 0.5. 3 Utilizing pulse radiolysis technique, splitting processes were observed in aqueous solution of the CPDs with hydrated electron and some oxidative species (such as hydroxyl radical, bromic radical and azide radical), and obtained their rate constants. In the case of interaction between CPD and hydrated electron, splitting of the CPD anion, and pyrimidine anion transfer an electron to FAD or Rf, were observed. The process rate was slower one order more than that in photolyase. Minor, but highly mutagenic UV-light-induced lesions are (6-4) photoproducts, which are repaired by (6-4) photolyases. These enzymes, discovered in 1993, are not well characterized and their mechanism is still under investigation.

我们研究它的作用机理，获得以下结果：1）建立了色氨酸及其肽对嘧啶二聚体光敏化裂解的直接修复作用机理模型；2）获得了色氨酸共价键连接于嘧啶二聚体的化合物在多种溶剂中290nm光辐照裂解的量子效率，其值随溶剂而变化，范围在0.01-0.5；3）运用脉冲辐解观察到嘧啶二聚体与水合电子和一些氧化性的自由基作用裂解过程，得到相应速率常数；对二聚体与水合电子作用发生裂解以及向FAD返还电子的过程进行了体外模拟；4）（6-4）光解酶的作用机理中一个关键假定是氧杂环丁烷中间体在接受电子后能自发裂解，恢复二嘧啶的结构。

The results show that 1,6-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)pyridineboron (dppyBF functions acts as a electron transport group and triphenylamine as a hole transport group; the charge transport ability for the two types of carriers is not only high but also nearly balanced, which explains why it is an efficient single-layer electroluminescent device.

从重组能角度看，空穴迁移率大于电子迁移率，然而电子的交换积分大于空穴的交换积分，综合这两个因素，电子和空穴的迁移率几乎相当，这从理论上解释了其可以做成单分子发光器件的原因。

The effed Of three-dimensional perturbed velocities and three-dimensional perturbed current densities on the beam-wave interaction of plasma-filled dielectric Cherenkov maser is analysed by use of the self-consistent linear field theory without considering the effect Of the longitudinal guided magnetic field.The dispersion relation and the Simultaneous condition of the beam-wave interaction are derived. It is clearly shown that the instability of the interaction results from the coupling of the TM mode in t...

在无引导磁场的作用下，利用自洽线性场理论，分析了电子的三维扰动速度和三维扰动电流密度对填充等离子体的介质切伦可夫脉塞注波互作用的影响，导出了注波互作用的色散关系和同步条件，所得关系清楚地表明，其工作用不稳定性是由填充等离子体的介质筒慢波波导中的TM模与电子注模通过电子注耦合所致，并求得了电子注引起的频偏和波的增长率。

However, for the collision processes in He target, a large discrepacy between the CTMC results and experimental measurement is found. As is well known, the microcanonical distributions of bounded electrons in CTMC method is quite different from quantal distributions, we modified the initial microcanonical distribution by using eleven different ionization thresholds of electron bounded in target. With modification, we calculated the collisional process of O~(3+) with He, and the total cross sections of all processess are calculated as a function of the incident energies. The agreement with experiments is improved by the modified distributions.

但由于靶电子的微正则分布与量子分布有很大不同，在计算离子与He靶碰撞时发现结果与实验差距很大，我们基于使用多个系统总能量U值，对初始电子的微正则分布进行了优化，使其更接近于量子力学的径向空间分布，然后计算了O~(3+)与氦原子随入射离子能量变化的各种反应过程截面，发现优化极大地提高了计算精度，特别是我们的模型对于描述单电子、双电子丢失过程非常成功。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。