电反应降低

A large number of bond-type complexes, as long as the hydrogen of the molecules covalently coupled to the molecular approach in an electronegative atom up, that constitutes a hydrogen bond, there are intramolecular hydrogen bonds and intermolecular hydrogen bonds of the points, will affect the formation of complex reaction carried out, such as in solution adding dioxa cyclohexane, or tetrahydrofuran, will reduce the alkylation reaction rate.

氢键型络合物为数众多，只要含氢的分子以共价键方式耦合到分子中一个电负性原子上去，即构成氢键，有分子内氢键和分子间氢键之分，络合物的形成将会影响反应的进行，如在溶液中加入二氧杂环己烷或四氢呋喃，都会降低烷基化反应速率。

The comparison of hydrolysis-polycondensation reaction and microstructure of ORMOSILs derived by TEOS, MTES, VTES, ETES confirms that the influence of organic group such as methyl, vinyl, ethyl and ethoxyl on the hydrolysis and polycondensation reaction rate depends on several factors including electron-donating capability, size and number of ethoxyl group which can participates polycondensation reaction.

确认甲基、乙烯基和乙基和乙氧基等改性基团对硅醇盐水解-缩聚反应速度的影响是取决于有机改性基团的电负性、尺寸和可水解的-OR基团数目等因素综合作用的结果，其水解速度依MTES＞TEOS＞VTES＞ETES的顺序递减。由于Si原子上可聚合的基团数目减少，导致MTES、VTES和ETES的聚合反应速度降低，而与水解速率失配。

Electron-withdrawing groups decrease the reactivity of benzylic C - H whileelectron-releasing groups enhance its reactivity. This is consistent with the well-knownelectron-demanding character of the Rh-carbene complex.

从相对速率的数值〓可以看到，吸电子基使苯甲位反应活性降低，给电子基使苯甲位反应活性增大，这和Rh-卡宾的亲电性一致。

Good thermal stability and self-extinguishing behavior was observed with the cured polybenzoxazine resins. Second, furan-containing benzoxazine monomers, P-FBz, BPA-FBz, and 4FP-FBz were prepared using furfurylamine as a raw material. Formation of furfurylamine Mannich bridge networks in the polymerizations of P-FBz and BPA-FBz increased the cross-linking densities and thermal stability of the resulting polybenzoxazines. P-FBz and BPA-FBz- based polymers also exhibited high glass transition temperatures above 300℃, high char yields, and low flammability with a limited oxygen index value of 31. The dielectric (Dk3.21–3.39) and mechanical properties (high storage modulus of 3.0–3.9 GPa and low coefficient of thermal expansion of 37.7– 45.4 ppm) of the P-FBz and BPA-FBz-based polymers were superior or comparable to other polybenzoxazines. 4FP-FBz used for polybenzo- xazine modification by means of formation of benzoxazine hybridation with P-FBz.

第二部份以2-呋喃甲胺为起始物，制备了P-FBz、4FP-FBz与BPA-FBz 三个含呋喃官能基之氧代氮代苯并环己烷的单体；BPA-FBz与P-FBz於开环聚合中形成之Mannich bridge网状结构有效地提升聚氧代氮代苯并环己烷聚合物之交联密度与热安定性；Poly与Poly具有大於300℃之玻璃转移温度、高的焦炭生成率与具有31之极限氧指数(Limited oxygen index， LOI)的难燃性特质，Poly与Poly之介电常数(Dk=3.21~3.39)与机械性质[3.0~3.9 GPa的储存模数与37.7~45.4ppm之低热膨胀系数( Low coefficient of thermal expansion， Low CTE)]均较其他聚氧代氮代苯并环己烷为优；4FP-FBz具有低之介电常数(Dk=2.7)，以其作为降低介电常数之反应型改质剂，与P-FBz混成，证实可有效地降低Poly的介电常数。

Results Preserving bilateral S1 anterior and posterior roots intact combined with rhizotomies of L7 and S2～3 posterior roots, intradural stimulation of S1 posterior root producedan increase of bladder and urethral pressure similar to that of stimulation of the S1 common root in extradural.

结果 保留2侧S1前后根完整，电刺激同平面S1的总根或后根，膀胱尿道的压力反应相同；切断两侧S1前根，刺激同平面的S1后根，膀胱尿道的压力反应显著降低，仅为前后根完整时的7%～12%。

There are three platinum catalyst micro channels which have different width ,such as 1000 m , 400m and 40m. The platinum catalyst micro channel reactor is fabricated by MEMS technology. The reactor uses the exothermic reaction of hydrogen and oxygen on the platinum catalyst plate as the heat source and the platinum thin film resistance deposited on a glass chip by face micro machining process as catalyst and temperature sensor. The channel is bonded with a cover plate etched by bulk micromachining technology to become a mico- channel reactor.

实验主要以微机电加工技术制作白金触媒微管道反应系统，利用微机电面型加工技术将白金薄膜电阻制作於基材为玻璃的晶片上，以此为反应所需的触媒及温度量测元件，并用体型加工技术蚀刻出微流道的上盖板相结合成微管道反应系统，本研究以1000μm、400μm及40μm的白金触媒微管进行测试，并利用微管道管壁上触媒表面降低反应活化能的特性来维持反应，此微反应系统利用氢气与氧气在白金触媒平板上的放热反应作为能量的来源。

Zn-La alloys increase the overpotential ofhydrogen evolution, Tafel slope 〓 and polarization, decrease the corrosion current density, inhibitthe corrosion of zinc electrode in alkaline solution, decrease anode Tafel slope 〓, promotedischarge reaction of zinc electrode, have higher passivation current density, inhibit thepassivation of zinc electrode, avoid the oversaturation of zincate in electrolyte, greatly increase〓 diffusion coefficient, decrease Tafel slope 〓, polarization and the overpotential of deposition,inhibit the dendrites formation and improve the electrodepostion of Zn.

实验结果表明，Zn-La合金电极显著改善了锌电极的各项电化学性能：提高析氢过电位、析氢过程Tafel斜率〓和极化，减小腐蚀电流密度，抑制锌电极在碱液中的腐蚀；降低阳极Tafel斜率〓，促进了锌电极的放电反应；具有较高的维钝电流密度，抑制锌电极的钝化；有效避免了溶液中锌酸盐的过饱和现象：使〓的扩散系数明显增大：降低Zn沉积过程的Tafel斜率〓、极化和沉积过电位，明显抑制锌枝晶的生长，改善了锌的电沉积性能。

On the normotensive rat, bilateral microinjection of L-arginine (16 n mol/0.1 ul/site), a precursor of nitric oxide into the rVLM, caused a decrease in BP, HR and the pressor response induced by the dPAG stimulation, while microinjection of NG-methyl-Larginine (L-NMMA, 16 n mol/0.1 ul/site), a blockade for NO to form, into the rVLM bilaterally, caused an increase in BP, HR and the pressor response induced by the dPAG stimulation. There was no effect of both drugs mentioned above on the tachycardiac response induced by the dPAG stimulation.

五、在正常血压大鼠，于双侧rVLM微量注射一氧化氮前体(16nmol/0.1μl/site)可引起BP降低、HR减慢、以及电刺激dPAG诱发的防御性升压反应减弱；而于同区微量注射生成一氧化氮的拮抗剂N〓-甲基-L-精氨酸(16nmol/0.1μl/site)则可引起BP升高、HR加快、以及电刺激dPAG诱发的防御性升压反应增强；而上述两药对电刺激dPAG诱发的防御性加快心率反应均无明显作用。

The light-off character test of prototype is done on engine bench, in this test, the reaction choice of electric heating catalyst is found and the drop of light-off temperature is higher than the max raising temperature of exhaust gas that is from the power of electric heating.

对研制出的车载电加热净化装置在发动机台架上进行了催化剂起燃温度测试，发现电加热净化具有明显反应选择性，而且，起燃温度降低的幅度大于电加热能量使气体温升的最大值。

The results show that:(1) MnO2 deposition on the surface is the main factor resulting in cathode polarization, and the flowing of the solution can remarkably reduce this polarization. Furthermore, the buffered solution can reduce the polarization resulting from H+ concentration difference;(2) it is deduced from the polarization curve that the key factor influencing the performance of MFC is microbial number and metabolic rate and the electron transferring rate from microbial to electrode;(3) the power density arrives at the biggest, 824 mW/m2, when outer resistance is 300 Ω, which is accordance to the inner resistance,(284±18)Ω, deduced from I-V curve;(4) the influences of pH and permanganate concentration on cathode potential is in agreement to Nernst equation.

研究结果显示：(1) MnO2在碳纸表面的沉积是阴极极化的主要原因，而溶液流动可以明显降低极化程度；将高锰酸钾溶解在缓冲溶液中可以进一步降低阴极H+浓差极化；(2)根据极化曲线可以推断，影响电池输出功率的决定性因素应是微生物代谢反应速度和微生物与电极之间的电子传递速率；(3)随外电阻的变化，电池输出功率出现极大值824 mW/m2，相应外电阻为300 Ω左右，这与通过 I-V 关系曲线推导得到的电池内阻(284±18)Ω相吻合；(4) pH值和高锰酸钾浓度对电池阴极电极电势的影响符合Nernst方程。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。