电压降

Due to its good effect in the reservation of information of signal abrupt change, mathematical morphology is often applied in the detection and location of short-term power quality disturbance, however, there is still a defect of invalid detection existing in partial detection methods based on mathematical morphology while some zero-crossing disturbances are detected. In this paper three mathematical morphology based disturbance detection and location methods, i.e., the method based on first-order derivation and morphological gradient, the method based on morphological gradient and soft threshold processing and the method based on dq decomposition and top-hat transform, are analyzed, that is, by means of simulation the adaptability of these methods in the analysis on the signals of voltage sag, voltage swell and electromagnetic transient oscillation is compared.

数学形态学因其在保留信号突变点信息方面有很好的效果，因此常用于短时电能质量扰动的检测和定位，但基于数学形态学的部分方法仍存在对某些过零点扰动检测失效的缺点，文章分析了3种基于数学形态学的扰动检测和定位方法，即基于1阶求导和形态梯度的方法、基于形态梯度和软阈值处理的方法、基于dq分解和高帽变换的方法，通过仿真比较了3种方法在分析电压暂降、电压暂升、电磁暂态振荡等信号方面的适应性，结果发现基于dq分解和高帽变换的方法在检测过零点扰动时具有很好的效果，因此选取这种方法对实测扰动数据进行了检测和定位分析。

ABSTRACT Aiming at problems of trans-vector controller in a vehicle-carried induction motor such as variable rotor and stator resistance following motor temperature, and their inductance varying with flux saturation degrees. Firstly, CSI and VSI are introduced, for CSI, it can hold the advantages both FOC and DTC using stator flux directional, PI parameter and simulation are also introduced. Secondly, equations of IM in the synchronous rotary frame and its static counterpart, as figuring in the saturation condition of magnetic field, are dealt in this paper and the simulation results are presented. Thereafter, the parameter designing of PI trans-vector controller is processed, which features the non-linear model. In practical realization, as neglecting the dynamical change of motor inductance, this paper employs online modification of inductance parameters, according to the flux saturation, then transforms the non-linear equations into linear ones, and so compacts the structure of controller. Thirdly, in view of the maximum torque output is extraordinary requisite when Electrical Vehicle start up, accelerate, and overtake, this paper issues the maximum torque when both inverter and battery capacity is corporeally definite. Fourthly, on-line differentiating and analyzing both rotor's time constants and its flux by using the expanding order reduction and discrete Kalman filter equation are fathomed, in order to realize high-performance trans-vector algorithm, and also the simulation results are presented. Fifthly, the close-loop regenerative brake system, when the EV's torque is set constant, is deduced; at the same time, unification of electric drive model and brake model is executed. Combined with maximum charge current demands, the mathematical model for online yielding torque as a demand.

本论文针对车载异步电机在矢量控制器所遇到的问题：定转子电阻随温度变化及随电机饱和程度变化的转子电感及定子电感而影响电机调速性能提出一套完整的解决方案：分析了电流型逆变器和电压型逆变器在实现矢量控制时控制器参数的计算，分析出对于电流型逆变器在采用定子磁场定向时，其性能同时具有矢量控制和直接转矩控制两者的优势，并对电压型逆变器在转子磁场定向下的模型进行了仿真研究；建立异步电机非线性模型，推导出考虑磁饱和时异步电机在同步旋转坐标系及静止坐标系下的方程，并做出了仿真结果，建立异步电机在非线性模型下的矢量控制调节器的PI参数设计，在实际应用中，若忽略电机电感的动态变化，可以根据当前的磁路饱和状态而在线修正电感参数，从而将非线性方程线性化，降低控制器的复杂度；考虑到电动汽车在起动和加速超车时需要电机有最大转矩输出，本文讨论在逆变器容量一定和电池供电能力有限的情况下电机最大转矩输出问题；推导了异步电机扩展降阶、离散卡尔曼滤波方程在线辨识转子时间常数和转子磁通，用于实现高性能的矢量控制算法，并给出了仿真结果；推导出了电动汽车恒转矩给定的闭环回馈制动系统，实现了电动控制模型和制动模型的统一，而且结合铅酸电池最大充电电流的要求，为制动转矩在线给定建立了数学模型；设计了基于双DSP系统的高性能矢量控制器软硬件框图，并以大量实验数据说明矢量控制在电动汽车应用的实际应用状况。

Next, the following points are emphasized:(1) The design of photoelectric conversion preamplifier circuit. In order to improve the measurement accuracy of luminometer and ensure linear relationship of the photoelectric, operational amplifiers is designed as current-voltage converter form, on the one hand, it is available to zero-load effect; on the other hand, short-circuit current can be transformed into a voltage volume through the feedback resistor, it is equivalent to voltage drop flowed through a load resistor on the actual effect.

其次，本文重点做了以下工作：(1)光电转换前置放大电路的设计：为了提高照度计的测量准确度，确保光电间的线性关系，本设计把运算放大器接成电流电压变换器的形式，一方面可得到零负载效应；另一方面，短路电流通过反馈电阻变成电压量，实际效果相当于流过一个负载电阻形成的压降。

N of the ESD transient into the positive or the negative supply rail. In effect, C1 compensates for D1's parasitic capacitance.

在ESD事件中，D1和D2可以进行传导，但通过两个前置偏移二极管压降，VIN端的电压超出供电电源电压。

In steady-state, DVR can be used to compensate the voltage drop caused by circuit reactance.

在稳态方面，由动态电压调整器来补偿线路电抗所造成的压降，提高电压之稳定性。

In order to ensure that self-compensating devices for reactive power work stably and reliably in low-voltage electric power system, this paper introduces a new method and steps of selecting compensating devices by comparing their types, based on the theory of reactive power in non-sinusoidal alternating circuit.

产生谐波的根本原因是电力系统中器件、设备的非线性，即使供给这些器件、设备的电源是理想的正弦波形电压，电网供给它们的电流也是非正弦波形，即产生了谐波电流，当谐波电流流过线路后，产生谐波压降，使电网电压失真。

Using a single pulse solar cell tester with constant light intensity for 5ms, we have studied the performance of conventional crystalline silicon solar cell with low concentrator( 1～10 sun)and cells temperature of 15～110℃at laboratory.

结果表明，室温下常规太阳电池的最佳工作点电压V_m和光功率放大系数a随入射光强增加呈现先增后降的趋势，并且串联电阻小的电池下降速度慢，串联电阻大的电池下降速度快；温度对晶体硅太阳电池的工作电压和输出功率相当敏感；在严格控制太阳电池工作温度的条件下，串联电阻小的电池在较宽的聚光范围内可以获得良好的使用效果。

Based on physical characteristics, existing stochastic estimation methods of equipment sensitivity to voltage sag use subjective probability models to express the probability distribution of voltage tolerance curve of equipment in the uncertain region. But the parameter estimation needs vast sample data. These methods may result in man-made errors.

现有负荷敏感度随机估计法以电压暂降的物理特征为基础，用主观概率模型描述负荷电压耐受曲线(voltage tolerance curve，VTC)的随机分布规律，所需样本量大，在实际中难以实现且可能引入主观误差。

With the new gauge the optimal magnetic strength can be reduced to 900 Gausses and the voltage to 2.7 KV, so the cost can be reduced to 50 per ce...

新磁结构冷规性能测试表明：由于灵敏度的提高，在2×10~(-8)Pa时，冷规着火时间可缩短40%；所用磁钢中心值可从1600高斯降至900高斯，工作电压也可降低600伏，冷规成本因此约降低50%；此外，电压值的降低还使得漏电减小了一个数量级，从而拓宽了可测下限。

The average iR drop accounts for about 74% of the total voltage losses during the C-D cycle at current density of 60 mA·cm-2,suggesting the voltage efficiency of vanadium redox-flow battery single cell with graphite felt as electrodes and Nafion 117 as battery separator,was limited by the cell ohmic internal resistance.

以石墨毡为电极、Nafion 117作隔膜的全钒液流单电池，在60 mA.cm-2电流密度下，每一充放电循环的平均iR降约占总电压损耗的74%，表明该电池的电压效率受制于电池的欧姆内阻。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。