电压

PART 1 UNIT 1 B Electrical and Electronic Engineering Basics A Electrical Networks ———————————— 3 Three-phase Circuits A The Operational Amplifier ——————————— 5 UNIT 2 B Transistors A Logical Variables and Flip-flop —————————— 8 UNIT 3 B Binary Number System A Power Semiconductor Devices —————————— 11 UNIT 4 B Power Electronic Converters A Types of DC Motors —————————————15 UNIT 5 B Closed-loop Control of DC Drivers A AC Machines ———————————————19 UNIT 6 B Induction Motor Drive A Electric Power System ————————————22 UNIT 7 B PART 2 UNIT 1 B Power System Automation Control Theory A The World of Control ————————————27 —————29 The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation UNIT 2 B A Stability and the Time Response ————————— 30 Steady State————————————————— 31 A The Root Locus ————————————— 32 ————— 33 UNIT 3 B The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diagrams UNIT 4 A The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Piots ————— 34 B Nonlinear Control System 37 UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory B State Equations 40 38 UNIT 6 A Controllability, Observability, and Stability B Optimum Control Systems UNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent Control B Artificial Neural Network Computer Control Technology A Computer Structure and Function 42 B Fundamentals of Computer and Networks 43 44 PART 3 UNIT 1 UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices B The Applications of Computers 46 UNIT 3 A PLC Overview B PACs for Industrial Control, the Future of Control UNIT 4 A Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer 49 B Understanding DSP and Its Uses 1 UNIT 5 A A First Look at Embedded Systems B Embedded Systems Design Process Control A A Process Control System B 50 PART 4 UNIT 1 Fundamentals of Process Control 52 53 UNIT 2 A Sensors and Transmitters B Final Control Elements and Controllers UNIT 3 A P Controllers and PI Controllers B PID Controllers and Other Controllers UNIT 4 A Indicating Instruments B Control Panels Control Based on Network and Information A Automation Networking Application Areas B Evolution of Control System Architecture PART 5 UNIT 1 UNIT 2 A Fundamental Issues in Networked Control Systems B Stability of NCSs with Network-induced Delay UNIT 3 A Fundamentals of the Database System B Virtual Manufacturing—A Growing Trend in Automation UNIT 4 A Concepts of Computer Integrated Manufacturing B Enterprise Resources Planning and Beyond Synthetic Applications of Automatic Technology A Recent Advances and Future Trends in Electrical Machine Drivers B System Evolution in Intelligent Buildings PART 6 UNIT 1 UNIT 2 A Industrial Robot B A General Introduction to Pattern Recognition UNIT 3 A Renewable Energy B Electric Vehicles UNIT 1 A

电路 2 电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器，电感器和电容器等元件组成。如果网络不包含能源，如电池或发电机，那么就被称作无源网络。换句话说，如果存在一个或多个能源，那么组合的结果为有源网络。在研究电网络的特性时，我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。因为网络由无源电路元件组成，所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性。就电阻来说，电压-电流的关系由欧姆定律给出，欧姆定律指出：电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。在数学上表达为： u=iR (1-1A-1)式中 u=电压，伏特；i =电流，安培；R =电阻，欧姆。纯电感电压由法拉第定律定义，法拉第定律指出：电感两端的电压正比于流过电感的电流随时间的变化率。因此可得到：U=Ldi/dt 式中 di/dt =电流变化率，安培/秒； L =感应系数，享利。电容两端建立的电压正比于电容两极板上积累的电荷 q 。因为电荷的积累可表示为电荷增量 dq 的和或积分，因此得到的等式为 u=，式中电容量 C 是与电压和电荷相关的比例常数。由定义可知，电流等于电荷随时间的变化率，可表示为 i = dq/dt。因此电荷增量 dq 等于电流乘以相应的时间增量，或 dq = i dt，那么等式(1-1A-3)可写为式中 C =电容量，法拉。

PART 1 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Basics UNIT 1 A Electrical Networks B Three-phase Circuits UNIT 2 A The Operational Amplifier ——————————— 5 B Transistors UNIT 3 A Logical Variables and Flip-flop —————————— 8 ———————————— 3 B Binary Number System UNIT 4 A Power Semiconductor Devices —————————— 11 B Power Electronic Converters UNIT 5 A Types of DC Motors —————————————15 B Closed-loop Control of DC Drivers UNIT 6 A AC Machines ———————————————19 B Induction Motor Drive UNIT 7 A Electric Power System ————————————22 B Power System Automation PART 2 Control Theory UNIT 1 A The World of Control ————————————27 B The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation UNIT 2 A B —————29 Stability and the Time Response ————————— 30 ————————————— 32 Steady State————————————————— 31 UNIT 3 A The Root Locus B The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diagrams ————— 33 UNIT 4 A The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Piots ————— 34 B Nonlinear Control System 37 UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory B UNIT 6 State Equations 40 38 A Controllability, Observability, and Stability B Optimum Control Systems UNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent Control B Artificial Neural Network PART 3 UNIT 1 Computer Control Technology A Computer Structure and Function B 42 43 44 Fundamentals of Computer and Networks UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices B The Applications of Computers 46 UNIT 3 A PLC Overview B PACs for Industrial Control, the Future of Control 1 UNIT 4 A Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer B Understanding DSP and Its Uses 49 UNIT 5 A A First Look at Embedded Systems B Embedded Systems Design PART 4 UNIT 1 Process Control A A Process Control System 50 B Fundamentals of Process Control 53 52 UNIT 2 A Sensors and Transmitters B Final Control Elements and Controllers UNIT 3 A P Controllers and PI Controllers B PID Controllers and Other Controllers UNIT 4 A Indicating Instruments B Control Panels PART 5 UNIT 1 Control Based on Network and Information A Automation Networking Application Areas B Evolution of Control System Architecture UNIT 2 A Fundamental Issues in Networked Control Systems B Stability of NCSs with Network-induced Delay UNIT 3 A Fundamentals of the Database System B Virtual Manufacturing—A Growing Trend in Automation UNIT 4 A Concepts of Computer Integrated Manufacturing B Enterprise Resources Planning and Beyond PART 6 UNIT 1 Synthetic Applications of Automatic Technology A Recent Advances and Future Trends in Electrical Machine Drivers B System Evolution in Intelligent Buildings UNIT 2 A Industrial Robot B A General Introduction to Pattern Recognition UNIT 3 A Renewable Energy B Electric Vehicles 2 UNIT 1 A

电路 电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器，电感器和电容器等元件组成。如果网络不包含能源，如电池或发电机，那么就被称作无源网络。换句话说，如果存在一个或多个能源，那么组合的结果为有源网络。在研究电网络的特性时，我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。因为网络由无源电路元件组成，所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性。就电阻来说，电压-电流的关系由欧姆定律给出，欧姆定律指出：电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。在数学上表达为： u=iR (1-1A-1)式中 u=电压，伏特；i =电流，安培；R =电阻，欧姆。纯电感电压由法拉第定律定义，法拉第定律指出：电感两端的电压正比于流过电感的电流随时间的变化率。因此可得到：U=Ldi/dt 式中 di/dt =电流变化率，安培/秒； L =感应系数，享利。电容两端建立的电压正比于电容两极板上积累的电荷 q 。因为电荷的积累可表示为电荷增量 dq 的和或积分，因此得到的等式为 u=，式中电容量 C 是与电压和电荷相关的比例常数。由定义可知，电流等于电荷随时间的变化率，可表示为 i = dq/dt。因此电荷增量 dq 等于电流乘以相应的时间增量，或 dq = i dt，那么等式(1-1A-3)可写为式中 C =电容量，法拉。

PART 1 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Basics UNIT 1 A UNIT 2 A UNIT 3 A UNIT 4 A UNIT 5 A UNIT 6 A UNIT 7 A Electrical Networks ———————————— 3 B Three-phase Circuits The Operational Amplifier ——————————— 5 Logical Variables and Flip-flop —————————— 8 Power Semiconductor Devices —————————— 11 Types of DC Motors —————————————15 AC Machines ———————————————19 Electric Power System ————————————22 B Transistors B Binary Number System B Power Electronic Converters B Closed-loop Control of DC Drivers B Induction Motor Drive B Power System Automation PART 2 Control Theory UNIT 1 A B UNIT 2 A UNIT 3 A UNIT 4 A The World of Control ————————————27 Stability and the Time Response ————————— 30 The Root Locus ————————————— 32 The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation —————29 B Steady State————————————————— 31 B The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diagrams ————— 33 The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Piots ————— 34 B Nonlinear Control System 37 UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory B B B PART 3 B B B State Equations Optimum Control Systems Artificial Neural Network Computer Control Technology 42 43 44 Fundamentals of Computer and Networks The Applications of Computers 46 40 38 UNIT 6 A Controllability, Observability, and Stability UNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent Control UNIT 1 A Computer Structure and Function UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices UNIT 3 A PLC Overview PACs for Industrial Control, the Future of Control 1 UNIT 4 A Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer 49 B B PART 4 B B B B PART 5 B B B B PART 6 Understanding DSP and Its Uses Embedded Systems Design Process Control 50 52 53 Fundamentals of Process Control UNIT 5 A A First Look at Embedded Systems UNIT 1 A A Process Control System UNIT 2 A Sensors and Transmitters Final Control Elements and Controllers PID Controllers and Other Controllers Control Panels Control Based on Network and Information Evolution of Control System Architecture Stability of NCSs with Network-induced Delay Virtual Manufacturing—A Growing Trend in Automation Enterprise Resources Planning and Beyond Synthetic Applications of Automatic Technology UNIT 3 A P Controllers and PI Controllers UNIT 4 A Indicating Instruments UNIT 1 A Automation Networking Application Areas UNIT 2 A Fundamental Issues in Networked Control Systems UNIT 3 A Fundamentals of the Database System UNIT 4 A Concepts of Computer Integrated Manufacturing UNIT 1 A Recent Advances and Future Trends in Electrical Machine Drivers B B B System Evolution in Intelligent Buildings A General Introduction to Pattern Recognition Electric Vehicles UNIT 2 A Industrial Robot UNIT 3 A Renewable Energy 2 UNIT 1 A

电路 电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器，电感器和电容器等元件组成。如果网络不包含能源，如电池或发电机，那么就被称作无源网络。换句话说，如果存在一个或多个能源，那么组合的结果为有源网络。在研究电网络的特性时，我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。因为网络由无源电路元件组成，所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性。就电阻来说，电压-电流的关系由欧姆定律给出，欧姆定律指出：电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。在数学上表达为： u=iR (1-1A-1)式中 u=电压，伏特；i =电流，安培；R =电阻，欧姆。纯电感电压由法拉第定律定义，法拉第定律指出：电感两端的电压正比于流过电感的电流随时间的变化率。因此可得到：U=Ldi/dt 式中 di/dt =电流变化率，安培/秒； L =感应系数，享利。电容两端建立的电压正比于电容两极板上积累的电荷 q 。因为电荷的积累可表示为电荷增量 dq 的和或积分，因此得到的等式为 u=，式中电容量 C 是与电压和电荷相关的比例常数。由定义可知，电流等于电荷随时间的变化率，可表示为 i = dq/dt。因此电荷增量 dq 等于电流乘以相应的时间增量，或 dq = i dt，那么等式(1-1A-3)可写为式中 C =电容量，法拉。

Parameter Supply Voltages Positive Supply Voltage Negative Supply Voltage Logic Supply Voltage Ground Voltage Differential Input Voltages Input Common-Mode Voltage Differential Input Voltage Input Voltage, Latch Controls Output Output Current Temperature Operating Temperature, Ambient Operating Temperature, Junction Storage Temperature Range

参数电源电压正电源电压负电源电压逻辑电源电压接地电压差分输入电压的输入共模电压差动输入电压输入电压，输出电流输出锁存器控制温度工作温度，环境温度，联合贮藏温度范围

Rapid transient electromagnetic pulse generated by impulse voltage discharge may cause serious interference to high voltage measurement, cause disoperation or damage to experimental equipment, and also may cause potential harm to person on-site. Similar question exist in many high voltage laboratories, and it is an important research subject of high voltage measurement. Electromagnetic interference generated by impulse voltage discharge is the most serious interference in high voltage test hall.

冲击电压放电产生的快速暂态电磁脉冲可能对高压测量造成很大的干扰，引起设备的误动或损坏，也可能对人身造成潜在的危害，类似的问题在许多高电压实验室均存在，是高电压测试技术中的一个重要研究课题，冲击电压放电产生的电磁干扰是高电压试验大厅设备中最严重的，随着电子测量控制设备和高参数试验设备的日益增多，这个问题在高电压实验室已经十分突出。

In this scheme weak voltage area are determined by the network sensitivity index method; Considering the relation between low voltage level and voltage collapse, it is put forward that the voltage magnitude variation rate is taken as the observed information for the grouping of weak voltage buses and weak voltage grouping are given; Taking geographic factors into consideration, a fuzzy maximal tree is established to group the weak voltage buses. The method to measure the incomplete observability of buses and the flow chart of PMU configuration are given.

应用网损灵敏度法来判断电压崩溃临界点和电压薄弱区域；考虑低电压水平与电压崩溃的关系，提出将电压幅值变化率作为电压薄弱母线分群所观察的信息，并且给出了电压薄弱分群指标，兼顾地域因素，采用模糊最大树聚类法将电压薄弱母线分群；给出了母线非完全可观测程度的度量方法以及 PMU 的配置流程。

The programme through the transformer transformer, through the rectifier circuit filter circuit which will be AC into DC, and the adoption of the regulation by regulators more stable voltage, input voltage regulator when it can only be fixed when the voltage difference within the scope of regulation of the output voltage, and therefore out of voltage difference in the scope of automatic Diaodang, it is through the two comparator output voltage and the reference voltage comparison, and through the counter counting function control relay controller The input to determine the size of the output voltage at which the scope, and then automatically Diaodang.

该方案是通过变压器变压，再经过整流电路、滤波电路进而将交流电变为直流电，在通过稳压器的稳压得到较稳定的电压，由于稳压器当输入电压固定时只能在它的电压差范围内调节输出电压，、所以要在调出电压差的范围时自动调档，这是通过两个比较器将输出电压和基准电压进行比较，再通过计数器的计数功能控制继电器控制器的输入情况来判断输出电压的大小在哪个范围，然后进行自动调档。

But in practical operating, overvoltage caused by reignition of the vacuum switching device frequently appears, and it result in damage of the capacitor bank or the switchgear itself. Ensuring the switchgear against reignition and installing a protective device are two main approaches to avoid the phenomenon. In this paper, a study on overvoltage caused by reignition due to capacitor bank switching with the vacuum switching device and its preventive measures are carried out. The main work which has been done and researches are as follows: 1. The producing mechanism of overvoltage and its influence factor are analyzed. It is pointed out that single-phase reignition is the main reason for damage of the switchgear and two-phase reignition is the main reason for damage of the capacitor bank,so overvoltage of single-phase reignition and two-phase reignition are the emphases of prevention. 2. Analysis of the special working condition of the operating switch for capacitor bank is carried out. It indicates that the vacuum switching device is difficult to realize no-reignition under this operation condition, so it is more practical to adopt protection devices. 3. Analyses of protection effect of RC and MOA and their shortages are carried out. It shows that the two methods can only restrain effectively overvoltage caused by single-phase reignition, and they cannot protect the capacitor bank when reignition of two-phase occurs. 4. The operation principle of G-R damping device is analyzed and discussed emphatically.

本文针对真空开关投切电容器组时因重燃而产生的过电压及其防治措施进行了研究，所开展的主要工作和研究结果如下： 1、对过电压的产生机理及其影响因素进行了分析，指出单相重燃是导致开关设备损坏的主要原因，而两相重燃则是导致电容器组损坏的主要原因，因此单相重燃和两相重燃过电压是防护的重点； 2、对电容器组操作开关的特殊运行条件进行了分析，指出在这种运行条件真空开关难于实现不重燃，因此采用保护装置更具有现实意义； 3、对RC与MOA的保护效果和存在的不足进行了分析，指出这两种方法均只能有效抑制单相重燃过电压，而不能在发生两相重燃时保护电容器组； 4、重点对G-R阻尼装置的工作原理进行了分析和讨论，指出该装置接入后线路中将会出现两种频率的高频振荡，而电容器组上的过电压是由这两种振荡共同决定的； 5、根据对上述两种振荡的分析指出存在一个最佳电阻值使得过电压最低，并提出了电容器组电压和最佳电阻值的近似求解方法； 6、使用电气暂态分析软件MATLAB对G-R装置的保护效果进行了仿真计算，证实该装置确实可以有效抑制重燃时的电容器组过电压； 7、根据仿真与近似计算结果的偏差提出了近似计算的修正方法，经过修正后的过电压计算结果与仿真结果吻合较好； 8、对G-R装置中放电装置G与阻尼电阻R的要求进行了分析，指出采用编织电阻和真空间隙可能是最佳选择。

Unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution pen busbar unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution cubicle lighting.plug and heating unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution measuring and ac-distribution unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution 220vdc control2 unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution control circuit breaker unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution automatic interconnection2 unit 22 device list unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution cubicle lighting.plug anh heating unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution ac/dc supply control unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution cb supply 1 control unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution cb coupling control unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution cb supply 2 control unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution cb supply 1 control unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution control unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution high pressure pump.bearing de control unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution stillstand heaters control control unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution oil mist suction device de control unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution h press pu.bearing de stand-by control unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution oil mist suction device nde control unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution indication unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution automatik input unit 22 400vac low voltage distribution circuit diageam unit…400vac low voltage distribution front view unit…400vac low voltage distribution inside view unit…400vac low voltage distribution cubicle view gauge board cover sheet gauge board front view gauge board inside layout gauge board fower supply gauge board cubicle lighting/heating gauge board 24vdc distributidn gauge board fault indication lamps gauge board fault messages to control gauge board temperatures thrust bearing gauge board temperatures de/nde guiide bearing gauge board temperatures de/nde bearing oil reservoir gauge board temperatures cold air from coolers gauge board display temperatures cooler 1-10 gauge board display temperatures cooler 11-20 gauge board temperatures hot air from coolers gauge board display tem.

单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配钢笔 busbar单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配小卧室 lighting.plug 和暖气单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配测定和 ac-分配单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配 220 vdc control2单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配控制线路断路器单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配自动机械 interconnection2单位 22本装置目录单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配小卧室 lighting.plug anh 暖气单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配 ac/直流补给控制单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配 cb 补给 1 控制单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配 cb 联结控制单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配 cb 补给 2 控制单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配 cb 补给 1 控制单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配控制单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配高度强迫 pump.bearing de 控制单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配 stillstand 加热器控制控制单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配油雾吸装置 de 控制单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配 h 杂志报纸 pu.bearing de 台子-被控制单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配油雾吸装置 nde 控制单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配指示单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配 automatik 输入单位 22 400 vac 低的电压分配线路 diageam单位…400休假低的电压分配前面视野单位…400休假低的电压分配内部看单位…400休假低的电压分配小卧室视野精确计量董事会掩护张精确计量董事会比较前面的视野标准度量在地面区划之内搭乘标准度量董事会 fower 补给标准度量董事会小卧室照明/暖气标准度量董事会 24 vdc distributidn标准度量董事会过失指示灯精确计量董事会过失信息控制标准度量董事会温度插入了举止标准度量董事会温度 de/ nde guiide 举止生的标准度量董事会温度 de/ nde 涂油水于水库标准度量董事会来自冷却器的温度冷空气精确计量董事会展览温度冷却器 1-10精确计量董事会展览温度冷却器 11-20标准度量董事会来自冷却器的温度热气精确计量董事会展览 tem。

In this paper,the discharge capacity,stability voltage and the ratio of constant current charge capacity and battery discharge capacity of lithium ion battery were studied. For the lithium manganese lithium-ion batteries,the discharge capacity,mid-value voltage and stability voltage all increased with increasing charge cutoff voltage. As long as charge cutoff voltage was no less than 4.15 V,the battery discharge capacity loss would not exceed 6%. When charge cutoff voltage was 4.15V,the constant current charge capacity accounted for more than 85% of total charge capacity,a little change from 4.20 V.

主要研究了不同截止电压对锰酸锂离子电池的放电容量性能、工作电压和恒流/恒压充电容量等电池性能的影响，结果表明：对于锰酸锂材料锂离子电池，放电容量、中值电压和稳定电压都随着充电截止电压的升高而提高，电池的充电截止电压只要不低于4.15 V，电池放电容量损失就不会超过6%；当充电截止电压为4.15 V时，电池的恒流充电容量占总充电容量的85%以上，与4.20 V相比变化不大。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。