电催化

The results showed that the effect of the electrostatic field is very different from the traditional electrically assisted photocatalysis.

结果表明，静电场对光催化的影响与通常的电助光催化不同，电场强度越高，光催化效率反而降低。

Using the one-atom theory, the electronic structures of Pt-electrocatalyst with fcc structure was determined as follows:(5dn)6.48 (5dc)2.02 (6sc)1.48(6sf)0.02. Compared to the result obtained by the first-principle method such as FP-LMTO, CASTEP, their results are in good agreement with each other. Comparing the calculations of physical properties such as lattice constants, cohesive energy and bulk modulus by OA method and first-principle method, the result obtained by OA method is in excellent agreement with experimental value, but the result obtained by first-principle method is not accordable. The relationship between the electronic structures and catalytic performance was explained qualitatively by OA method and first principle method according to its electronic structures. Because the d-orbital vacancies increases and static density is high around Fermi energy band, Pt has good catalytic performance.

摘 要：依据纯金属单原子理论确定面心立方结构电催化剂Pt的电子结构为(5dn)6.48(5dc)2.02-(6sc)1.48(6sf)0.02，与采用第一原理的FP-LMTO和CASTEP等方法所计算的电子结构相比较，其结果非常相近；由OA理论和第一原理方法计算的晶格常数、结合能、体弹性模量等物理参数进行比较，OA理论计算的结果与实验值较符合，而第一原理方法计算的结果与实验值相差较大；在此基础上用OA理论和第一原理方法研究了Pt的电子结构与催化性能的关系，由于d带空穴增多和费米能级附近态密度较高，导致金属Pt的催化性能很好。

The degradation experiments of benzamide by photocatalysis and electrically assisted photocatalysis demonstrated that the extra electric field had the obvious assistant effect on photocatalysis and the benzamide degradation rate by EAP was much higher than that by photocatalysis. When the electrode potential of photocatalyst was -0.05V/SCE, the removal efficiency of benzamide could be 95% in 120min.

苯甲酰胺降解试验表明，外加电场对光催化氧化技术具有较强的辅助作用，电助光催化氧化技术的处理效率远远高于光催化氧化技术，当施加的电极电位为-0.05V时，苯甲酰胺在120min时的去除率可达95%。

The present dissertation deals with:(1) Exploring the feasibility of the CO〓 methanation and the conversion CH〓/H〓 into C〓 hydrocarbons under plasma with catalyst at ambient temperature and atmosphere.(2) Designing a reactor and preparing some catalysts suited for the conversion of carbon dioxide via the cooperation effect of plasma and catalysts.(3) Optimizing reaction conditions of conversion carbon dioxide to C〓 hydrocarbons in the proposed process.(4) Studying the reaction mechanism of conversion carbon dioxide to C〓 hydrocarbons under plasma by using in situ OES technology.(5) By the results of characterizing coked catalysts, exploring the reasons that result in the coking of catalyst and the paths for decreasing the deposit in the catalyst under plasma.(6) Analyzing the energy efficiency of the plasma catalysis and exploring the paths for improving the energy efficiency.

论文的主要研究工作包括：（1）探索脉冲电晕等离子体与催化剂共同作用CO〓／H〓甲烷化和由CH〓/H〓合成C〓烃反应的可行性；（2）研制等离子体催化CO〓转化的反应器和适配的催化剂；（3）优化等离子体催化CO〓转化制C〓烃反应的工艺条件和电参数；（4）利用原子发射光谱原位技术对等离子体反应的诊断结果，对等离子体催化CO〓转化制C〓烃反应的机理进行推断；（5）通过对积碳催化剂的表征结果，分析积碳的类型及其成因，并探讨减少积碳的途径；（6）通过对等离子体催化CO〓转化制C〓烃反应能量效率的分析，探讨提高等离子体催化反应能量效率的途径。

Based on the fundament of analyses of abroad and our country CNG engine technology, the developing strategy of CNG engine has suggested. Based on the EQD180-20 diesel which the basic construction unchanged, the necessary modified designing for CNG engine was made which included combustion system, intake and exhaust system, cylinder head, piston, and turbocharger.

在分析国内外天然气发动机技术的基础上，提出了满足国3排放的电控喷射单燃料CNG发动机开发方案；以EQD180-20柴油机为基础机型，在基本不改变原机结构的前提下，对燃烧系统、进排气系统、气缸盖、活塞和增压中冷系统进行相应的变型设计；采用稀薄燃烧、增压中冷、低涡流燃烧系统、电控分组点火、开环控制、电控CNG喷射系统和氧化型催化器等技术，降低排放，保持天然气发动机的动力性和经济性。

Scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope revealed that ruthenium oxide particles incorporated onto the nafion polymer film. RuO/Nf/GCE film modified electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of dopamine and ascorbic acid.

本研究主要是使用循环伏安法使氧化钌稳定沉积在Nafion修饰电极上，形成氧化钌/Nafion 薄膜修饰电极，利用电化学石英晶体微天平观察其在电极上的成长情形，旋转环碟电极法则是用来研究其电催化反应，并用扫描式电子显微镜观察氧化钌结合在Nafion聚合薄膜上的表面现象。

And the anodic peak potential shifted negatively 245mV. The test indicates that cauliflowers have a outstanding effect on Electrocatal yticOxidation and the test is very sensitive, fast and selective.

该电极与纯碳糊电极的性能进行比较，证明花椰菜对V_c有明显的电催化氧化作用，检测灵敏、快速、选择性好，同时，提高了电极的稳定性和重现性。

Therefore, when the Concentration of PWA is 0.15 mg/mL the electrocatalytic performance of the Pd/C catalyst is best for the oxidation of formic acid.

因此， 当电解液中PWA的浓度为0.15 mg/mL时， Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能最好。

The following main results are obtained: The TiO_2 photocatalyst with small crystallite size, high surface area, narrow and uniform pore size distribution, and microporous frameworks could be prepared out by applying MW radiation in the preparation process. The microwave-induced fluorescence technique verified for the first time that microwave enhanced the formation rate of hydroxyl radical, leading to the increase in the photocatalytic efficiency. Compared with the conventional catalyst, TiO_2 prepared by MW dielectric heating owns a higher UV absorption ability, and its optical absorption edge and photovoltaic response are shifted toward the short wavelength region, resulting in increase of photooxidation efficiency. The photocatalytic conversion and the mineralization ratio of acetaldehyde are increased respectively by 30% and 40% over the TiO2 prepared by MW radiation when compared to the TiO2 prepared by the conventional heating. For the MW-assisted photocatalytic reaction over the MW-prepared TiO2, production of hydroxyl radicals is enhanced by 22.5%, and the photocatalytic conversion is accordingly increased by 20%. Similarlly, applying MW also increased the photocatalytic conversion and the mineralization ratio of acetaldehyde over TiO2/Al2O3 sample.

论文得到如下主要结果和结论：(1)微波介电加热TiO_2 溶胶可得到晶粒度小、光催化活性高、比表面积大和孔径分布窄而均一，且微孔发达的TiO_2光催化剂；在溶胶干燥处理过程中微波可使催化剂表面缺陷增加，进而导致光催化反应过程有更多的活性羟基自由基产生；(2)微波制备能显著增强TiO_2 样品的紫外光吸收率，并使其光吸收和光伏响应阈值发生蓝移，从而提高TiO_2的氧化还原能力；(3)与常规加热法所制TiO_2比较，微波法制备的TiO_2对乙醛的光催化降解转化率提高30%，CO_2生成率提高40%以上；(4)与未加微波辐射时相比，发现在光催化反应过程中施加微波，TiO_2 的羟基自由基生成速率提高了22.5%，相应CH_3CHO 光催化降解转化率提高了20%；对Al_2O_3/TiO_2催化剂，CH_3CHO 光催化降解转化率甚至提高了33%，同时CO_2 的生成率也都大幅度提高；(5)微波辐射可改变光催化降解乙醛的产物分布，推断施加微波时乙醛光催化降解按照羟基自由基引发的链式反应机理进行，微波&非热效应&起主要作用。

Electrocatalytic oxidation is further carried out in the presence of the ·OH radical scavenger tert -butyl alcohol, which indicates that both direct and indirect oxidation are responsible for the degradation of phenol.

加入·OH清除剂叔丁醇的研究表明，本体系中苯酚的电催化氧化是由直接氧化和间接氧化的协同作用共同去除。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。