由下而上

This is not to say that there was no top-down activity or that all bottom-up activity will produce the desired effect.

这并不是说没有由上而下的活动，或者一切由下而上的活动都会带来理想的效果。

Firstly, this method makes all of the components/load points between the connected circuit breakers/disconnecting links equivalent to a broad node of load, then by successive expunction of circuit breakers and disconnecting links from the bottom to the top, the total network is transformed into a node equivalently.

该方法首先将整个网络中相连的断路器/隔离开关之间的所有元件/负荷点等值成一个推广了的负荷点，然后通过不断的由下而上的网络等值将整个配电网逐步等值成一个节点。

For organizing vegetation submodel, started with the bottom-up gateway to agglomerate plot-data. The vegetation types must be confirmed before predictive vegetation mapping, therefore designed a transforming program to combine 585 plot-data from different surveys for the purpose. But the result of the classification and ordination of the combined plot-data couldn't display comprehensive vegetation types of Taiwan, because the plots were insufficient and disproportionate. Consequently, this study adopted the top-down gateway to divisive vegetation. After referring to Taiwan and east-Asia vegetation research papers and American national vegetation classification system etc., the physiognomic classification scheme of Taiwan had been drafted as vegetation submodel. The scheme included 4 levels: 2 classes, 5subclasses (subarctic, coldtemperate, cooltemperate, warmtemperate, subtropical), 8 groups (based on phenology and types of predominant leaf) and 16 formations (based on moisture regime and predominant taxa). And, the scheme dealt completely with the diverse nomenclatures of vegetation types in the past.

为建立植群亚模型，首先依「整合大量样区资料，由下而上的低阶植相聚类」之途径，设计建档程序及转档程式，成功整并不同来源之585个样区资料，但因样区数目不足且分布不均，分析结果未能显示出台湾完整的植群类型；故转循「预先设定植群类型，由上而下的高阶形相分类」之途径，经参考他国植群分类系统及台湾、东亚植群分类研究报告，订定分类原则及架构，提出4阶层之潜在植群形相分类方案：(1)寒原、森林2类群系纲；(2)亚寒带、冷温带、凉温带、暖温带、亚热带5类群系亚纲；(3) 8类群系组表徵优势植群之叶片的物候与形态；(4) 16类群系说明其水分境制及优势分类群；此方案统一处理了过去各种有关植群划分之纷岐名制，方案之各阶植群类型亦即本研究之植群亚模型。

Applied every day beginning at the ankles and working up to the waist, Total Body Lift ensures a smoother, more streamlined, firmer body without sponginess, day after day.

用法：每天由足踝开始由下而上涂至腰部。持续使用，可令身体更柔滑、更曲线玲珑、更紧致结实，并减除橙皮脂肪。

"We feel he's a fine young player, a switch-hitter who plays a lot of positions," Torre said."It just gives us a little more versatility, and we felt we can fill the pitching void from down below."

"我们觉得他是一个很好的年轻球员，左右开弓的打者，也能担任许多守备位置，"Torre说，"这带给我们更多方面的用途，而我们觉得我们可以由下而上填补投手的空缺。"

Civil society forces that spring from such a bottom-up approach are more stable. If power is a triangular pyramid, it does not matter how the political party or power elite at the top changes, it stillwon't break from the scope of its center of gravity.

当这种由下而上营造出来的公民社会力量更为稳固，如果权力是一个三角形的金字塔，不管上面的政党权力精英怎麼换，它还是不会脱离这个重心的范围。

In their exercise of power, the primary task of modern nation-states is to transform "people" into politically, culturally and volitionally bounded "citizens," so that the state, instead of the "ruler," will be regarded by the ruled as the object of loyalty, and supportive forces that uphold from below the identity of political communities will occur.

现代民族国家的政治权力之遂行，首要工作乃是将「人」打造成有政治边界、文化边界与意志边界的「公民」，以使被统治者政治效忠的对象由「统治者」转变为「国家」，并且产生具有再生产性质由下而上支撑政治共同体同一性的支持力量。

Shanghai massage another a square follow vertebrate both sides two point, use hands index finger and thumb tail from the tail Mao bone end, start to knead a skin quietly, however knead a skin first to take by inchmeal and forward, often push a neck to descend the tallest vertebrate part, calculate make 1 time, bottom-up continue to knead to take 4-6 times, calculate make once.

另一方沿脊椎两旁二指处，用双手食指和拇指从尾骶骨末尾，将皮肤悄然捏起，然先将皮肤徐徐地向前捏拿，不时推到颈下最高的脊椎部位，算作1遍，由下而上延续捏拿4-6遍，算作1次。

This thesis first explains the theory of reading, for example, the bottom-up model, the top-down model, the interactive model and the schema theory, later on the basis of Carrell's theory, illustrates the effects of background knowledge on the foreign language reading comprehension.

本文首先介绍了各种不同的阅读理论，如：&由上而下&模式、&由下而上&模式和&交互作用&模式以及图式理论，本文以卡罗尔的理论为主要理论根据来分析其在阅读理解中的作用。

In the winter, just turn the whole process, bottom-up ammonia, and ammonia from the top of the exchange of heat, yet the liquefied ammonia to continue to rise to the top in the final heat exchange with the outside world and liquefaction.

到了冬天，整个过程恰好反过来，氨气由下而上，与由上而下的液氨交换热量，尚未液化的氨气继续往上升，最后在顶端与外界交换热量而液化。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。