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Hence Britain found itself becoming a major power in the Middle East, with a colony and base in Aden, other bases up and down the Gulf, and a network of treaties and protectorates with local rulers, whose heirs were educated at the British school of princes in India.

结果英国发现自己成为中东地区的一支主要力量：在亚丁建立了一个殖民地和军事基地，拥有海湾地区由北到南的其他一些军事基地，同当地的统治者一起构成了一个由协议和保护领地组成的网络，这些统治者的子女则在印度的为王子们而设的英国学校里接受教育。

The concept traces its roots back to early Roman law, in which the doctrine of public trust developed around the idea that certain common properties, such as the air, seashores, and rivers, were held in trust by the government for the free and unimpeded use of the public.47 This doctrine was subsequently applied in England to give ownership of public lands to the king but required that his subjects be given access to waterways for such purposes as fishing and trade.

这一理念的本源可以追溯到早期的罗马法，当时公信原则是围绕一种观点产生的。这种观点认为一定的公共财产如空气、海岸和河流等都应该由政府所掌握，并由公众无偿的、不受妨碍地加以利用47。该原则随后被英国应用于确认英王对公共土地的所有权上，但他同时又要求其宗旨应是以水资源利用为目的，如渔业和贸易。

This idea supposes a fixed amount of property in the community, which, by fraud or force, or arbitrary law, is unequally divided among men; and the problem presented for solution is, how to transfer a portion of this property from those who are supposed to have too much, to those who feel and know that they have too little.

这种观点认为，社会财富是一定的，由於采取欺骗或暴力的手段，或由於专断的法律，这些财富的分配是不平均的；需要解决的问题是如何将这些财富中的一部分从那些据说是过於富有的人手中转移到那些感到并且知道自己是过於贫穷的人手中。

This idea supposes a fixed amount of property in the community, which, by fraud or force, or arbitrary law, is unequally divided among men; and the problem presented for solution is, how to transfer a portion of this property from those who are supposed to have too much, to those who feel and know that they have too little.

这种观点认爲，社会财富是一定的，由於采取欺骗或暴力的手段，或由於专断的法律，这些财富的分配是不平均的；需要解决的问题是如何将这些财富中的一部分从那些据说是过於富有的人手中转移到那些感到并且知道自己是过於贫穷的人手中。

The Hebrew text has come down to us in a rather unsatisfactory condition, by reason of the numerous errors due to transcribers.

希伯来文已下降到我们在一个相当令人不满意的状况，由於众多的错误，由於誊写。

A key case demonstrating an interest in protecting the quality of waterways by limiting appropriative rights was National Audubon Society v. Superior Court, decided by the California Supreme Court in 1983. In 1940 the City of Los Angeles had appropriated for its domestic supply most of the flow of four streams draining into Mono Lake.

由奥特朋国家学会上诉到莫诺湖高级法院，最终由加利福尼亚最高法庭在1983年作出判决的一个著名案例可以说明通过限制占用权保护水质的重要性。1940年，洛杉矶拨出款项将排入莫诺湖的四条河流的大部分水都用于生活用水。

On the other hand, it is beyond question that, owing to the determining influence of Origen and the Platonic philosophy, which, as is well known, attached but slight value to visible matter and the sensible phenomena of the world, Augustine did not refer what was properly real in the Blessed Sacrament to the Flesh of Christ, but transferred it to the quickening principle, ie to the effects produced by a worthy Communion.

在另一方面，这是毫无疑问的是，由於决定性的影响渊源和柏拉图哲学，其中，因为是众所周知的，但附加价值轻微，以有形此事，并有理智的现象世界，奥古斯丁没有提到什麼是恰当的实数，在圣体，以耶稣的身体，但它转移到加快原则，即所产生的效果由一个值得共融。

It began with Kant that the view of history was applied to the study onthe nature. Later, Darwin and Clausius put forward two respectively contradictory views of history from the viewpoints of biological and non-biological systems, i.e. evolutionary and degenerate views of history, the theory of dissipatived structure established by prigogine solved the contradiction preli minarily. Prigogin...

指出康德首先将历史观引入到对自然界进行研究的；尔后达尔文和克劳胥斯分别从生物系统与非生物系统的角度出发提出了两种相矛盾的历史观，这就是进化的历史观与退化的历史观；普里高津建立的耗散结构理论初步解决了这一矛盾，他认为由大量子系统组织成的系统中的进化是由涨落的放大导致的，自组织系统中的断进化，本质上就是系统逐级突变的结果。

They appear in Plato's Republic and Gorgias, respectively, where they argue that"justice"is established by whoever is strong enough to enforce it; self-interest is therefore the only rational course and compulsion the only reason for obediece to authority.

他们分别在柏拉图的《理想国》和《高尔吉亚篇》中出现过，他们认为&正义&是由任何强大到可以使由之的人所建立的；因此自立是唯一理性的做法，而强迫是服从于权威的唯一原因。

The difference is that "Correspondence" asa theory is put forward by Baudelaire, which is a theory of philosophy-aesthetics, while "Symbol" as an ism is expressed by Verlaine, Rimbaud and Mallarme after Baudelair, which is a doctrine reduced to a practical level.

其区别在于，前者由波德莱尔提出，而后者是波德莱尔去世后由魏尔伦、兰波和马拉美等所表征出来的；前者是一种哲学美学理论，而后者是一种下降到可操作层面的&主义&。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。