生理学

Somatic science is the science of man in cosmic environment;in the languege of systems science,the human body is considered to be an open complex giant system embeded in the supergiant system of comic sorld;here "open"is referred to the human body environment,"giant"means the number of the constituting members of the system runs to billions and billons,"complex"means the kinds of the constituting members are also numerous and the interactions among the members are of great variety,Somatic science thus departs in basic viewpoint from the classical reductionist physiology.

易经》对中华文明史的影响人体科学的基本学说是我国著名科学家钱学森同志提出的，全文[1]如下：人体科学是宇宙环境中的人类科学，用系统科学的话来讲，人体被认为是包涵在宇宙这个超巨系统中的开放复杂巨系统。这&开放&是对人体环境而言，&巨&意味着构成系统的成员的数目多达数十亿，&复杂&的意思是指组成成员的种类也是非常多的，而成员之间的相互作用又是多种多样的。因此人体科学的基本观点就这样与经典的、还原论指导下的生理学的基本观点不同。

Research Areas Include: Animal behaviour, Biorhythms, Cell biology, Complexity of biological systems, Ecology, Enzyme kinetics, Evolutionary biology, Gene networks, Genetics, Membrane transport, Molecular structures, Morphogenesis, Neurobiology, Origin of life, Pattern formation, Physiological mechanisms and Population biology.

具体的研究领域涉及：动物行为、生物节律、细胞生物学、生物系统复杂性、生态学、酶动力学、进化生物学、基因网络、遗传学、膜传导、分子结构、多样性、神经生物学、生命起源、组织模式、生理学机制、群体生物学等。

Many lines of physiological and pharmacological evidence show that AMPA receptor desensitization plays an important role in fast excitatory synaptic transmission by affecting transmission efficacy of individual synaptic bouton, integrative functions of neuron, and synapse plasticity.

大量的生理学和药理学证据表明，AMPA受体失敏在快速兴奋性突触传递过程中起着重要的作用，对单个突触的传递效率、经元的整合功能和突触的可塑性均有影响。

Department of Physiology,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100005,China

中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学基础医学研究所生理学系，北京 100005

Many of the commonly used anesthetic agents were designed for use in mammalian species. Given the differences in respiratory anatomy and physiology, the response in chelonians to these agents often differs from the response in mammalian species.

由於其解剖与生理学和哺乳类有所差异，因此龟类对於药物之反应亦可能有所不同。

Role. The ends of receiving the outside information in the brain are various sensory cortexes visual cortex, auditory

这机制是较高层次的神经活动的生理学基础。

Just as all the dualities of life-pleasure and pain,love and hate,joy and sorrow,attachment and aversion,life and death are really two sides of one coin,so physiology and pathology are really only two different ways of viewing the phenomenon of life in a human body.

正如生活的所有二元性――快乐与痛苦，爱与恨，高兴与悲伤，爱慕与厌恶，生与死是硬币的两面一样，因此生理学和病理学只是从两个不同的角度去看待人类生命的现象。

International contributors review the current understanding of the biology and cellular mechanisms along with relevant research so you can easily apply them to the pathophysiology of the numerous disorders that botulinum toxin is used to treat—such as botulinum toxin applications for the treatment of cranial-cervical dystonias, motor disorders in cerebral palsy, bruxism and temporomandibular disorders, headache, overactive bladder, chronic pelvic pain syndromes, arthritis joint pain, and wound healing.

编写本书的几位国际专家回顾了当前对生物学和细胞机制的认识及相关研究，便于读者了解那些应用肉毒毒素治疗的许多疾病的病理生理学——如应用肉毒毒素治疗治疗头颈部肌张力障碍、脑瘫运动障碍、磨牙症和颞下颌关节紊乱病、头痛、膀胱过度活动症、慢性盆腔疼痛综合征、关节炎关节疼痛和创口愈合。

Detail Contents: Genetic disorders -- Immune deficiencies -- Breast cancer -- Colon cancer -- Melanoma -- Cystic fibrosis -- Hemophilia -- Liver disease -- Cardiovascular disease -- Muscular dystrophy -- Alzheimer's disease -- Parkinson's disease -- Huntington's disease -- Viruses: the cornerstone of gene therapy -- Viruses are living crystals -- Viral genomes may be RNA or DNA -- Viruses evolved from plasmids -- Viruses know how to infect cells -- The virus as a gene vehicle -- Viruses used in gene therapy -- Ashi DeSilva: a promising start -- Clinical trials defined -- Cells of the immune system -- Adenosine deaminase -- Preliminary research -- Clinical procedure for ADA gene therapy -- The DeSilva clinical trial -- Jesse Gelsinger: down to earth -- Ornithine transcarbamylase -- Preliminary research -- Clinical procedure for OTC gene therapy -- The Gelsinger clinical trial -- The investigation -- Concluding remarks -- Future prospects -- Safer vehicles -- Reducing immune rejection of the vector -- Improved risk assessment -- Redesigning human anatomy and physiology -- Ethics of gene therapy -- The Belmont report -- Clinical trials -- Physiological enhancement -- Cosmetic applications -- Legal issues -- Regulatory agencies -- The Gelsinger legal trial -- International regulation -- Resource center -- Eucaryote cell primer -- Recombinant DNA primer -- The human genome project -- X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1)-- Alzheimer's disease -- Huntington's disease.

细节内容︰遗传疾病-免疫的缺乏-乳腺癌-结肠癌-黑瘤-囊性纤维变性-血友症-肝疾病-心血管疾病-肌营养不良-早老性痴呆病-帕金森疾病-亨廷顿疾病-病毒︰基础的基因治疗-病毒在活著水晶--病毒的基因可能是RNA或者DNA --病毒从plasmids被逐步形成--病毒知道怎样感染细胞--作为一辆基因车辆的病毒--基因治疗使用的病毒-Ashi DeSilva︰有希望开始-临床试验确定--细胞的这免疫系统-Adenosine deaminase-初步研究-临床程式给埃达基因治疗--这DeSilva临床试验-婕西Gelsinger︰到地球-Ornithine transcarbamylase-初步研究-临床程式给OTC基因治疗-- Gelsinger临床试验-调查-达成评论-前景-更安全的车辆--矢量的降低免疫的拒绝-改进风险估计-重新设计人解剖学和生理学--伦理学的基因治疗-那些贝拉蒙特报告-临床试验-生理提升-美容应用-法律问题-协调机构-- Gelsinger 合法审讯-国际管理-资源中心人物-Eucaryote信元第一-Recombinant DNA 入门--人类基因工程-- X 连结的严重的结合的免疫缺陷(SCID-X1)-早老性痴呆病--亨廷顿的疾病。

Yeast, the simplest eukaryote, had been the model for studying the complex physiology of higher eukaryotes, including humans.

酵母，最简单的真核生物，曾经是研究更高等真核生物的复杂生理学的模式生物。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。