生物圈

From the broadest geophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

从最广为流传的地球物理学观点来看，生物圈是地球上所有生态系统的集合，包括了所有生物及他们间的相互关系，所有生物与水圈，大气圈及岩石圈间的相互作用。

The coastal zone is located at the interconnect of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere, where there are the various physical processes, chemical processes, biological process, and processes of exchange and transformation in it between substance and energy function, and is also an important base for the human activity.

海岸带处于地球表层岩石圈、水圈、大气圈与生物圈相互交接地带，是各种物理、化学、生物、物质与能量的交换与转换过程最活跃的场所，是人类活动的重要基地。

The eight major research topics are :①understanding coremantle processes, by deep drilling into a large oceanic plateau in the Western Pacific;②detailed investigation of material circulation during greenhouse Earth, and the transition process from greenhouse to icehouse environments, by drilling Cretaceous to Cenozoic sediments in the Pacific,③understanding the process of continental crust formation by deep drilling into oceanic arc,④Understanding the process of oceanic lithosphere formation by deep drilling of the back arc spreading system,⑤understanding of continentoceanatmosphere linkage, by drilling in the marginal seas and continental slopes of Asia,⑥investigation of the carbon cycle and the deep biosphere in accretionary prisms,⑦investigation of the mechanism and cycles of great earthquakes, tectonics, and mass circulation in convergent plate margins,and ⑧biology of extreme microorganisms living in deep accretionary prism environment.Keywords : Japan IODP Drilling Scientific goals.

其八项研究目标为：①钻探西太平洋洋底高原，认识核—幔作用过程；②钻探太平洋白垩纪—新生代沉积物，详细研究地球温室期间的物质循环及从温室环境到冰室环境的转化过程；③钻探大洋岛弧，认识大陆地壳形成过程；④钻探扩张的弧后，认识洋壳岩石圈形成过程；⑤钻探亚洲边缘海及陆坡，认识陆壳—洋壳—大气圈关系；⑥调查增生楔中的碳循环及深部生物圈；⑦调查汇聚板块边缘大地震周期及形成机制、构造及物质循环；⑧研究生活于增生楔环境中极端微生物生物学。

On the basis of a great deal of information, several general problem on land sarface process parametrization for a global circulation model and its history of development are described. The Bucket model, EARTH, ISBA and SiSPAT models are respectively expounded, and the situation of studies on land surface process parametrization is summarized. China is a participating country of the international geosphere-biosphere program and the study on circulation of global energy and moisture, and has put forward some valuable soil-vegetation-atmosphere models for land surface process parametrization. which results in effective studies on vegetation indexes.

在大量资料基础上，叙述了大气环流模式陆面过程参数化方案的一般问题及其发展历程，分别阐述了水桶模式、EARTH模式、ISBA模式和SiSPAT模式；总结了在陆面过程参数化方面的研究状况，我国参与了国际地圈生物圈计划和全球能量与水分循环的研究，特别是在陆面过程的参数化研究方面，提出了一些有价值的土壤—植物—大气模式，对植被指数进行了有成效的研究。

The various spheresatom, hydro, litho, and bioare intertwined and related, both in the historical evolutionary sense and in the present functional sense.

各个圈大气圈，水圈，岩石圈，生物圈都是相互依赖相互联系的，不管是以过去进化的角度来看还是以现在功能的角度来看。

Or maybe Bio2 is really a better Noah's ark.

或许生物圈二号真的是一个更好的诺亚方舟，一个大笼子里的未来动物园。

A thermodynamic formula is presented to measure the value of Q and the temperature change in thermodynamic equilibrium for the biosphere in the broad sense. On the basis of experimental data, it is found that, in theory, the heat released by the use of fossil fuels and nuclear energy raises the global sea level by 35 mm per year or raises the temperature in the atmospheric troposphere by 0.11 ℃ per year.

给出了广义生物圈的热平衡测量Q值和温度变化的热力学公式，并在实际数据的基础上通过计算发现人类使用矿物燃料和核能所排放的热量理论上可使全球海平面每年升高35 mm或者可使大气对流层温度每年升高011 ℃。

At present, the corresponding society organizations are attempting to treat these valuable nut trees, nut trees mainly grow in the region in the establishment of biosphere reserves at the same time, let the world know the role of nut oil, so that people know nut oil is a unique taste of food, and has anti-aging effects.

目前，相应的团体组织试图救治这些珍贵的坚果树，在坚果树主要生长区域建立生物圈保护，同时，让世界范围知晓坚果油的作用，让人们知道坚果油是一种口味独特的食品，并具有抗衰老作用。

These tropical trees of life provide housing and recreational facilities while mimicking the five layers found within a tropical rainforest: the overstory, the canopy, the understory, the shrub layer, and the forest floor.

这些拥有生命的"热带雨林"按照一个真正热带雨林系统中的五层生物圈：树冠上层，树冠层，树冠下层，灌木层，地表层布置提供居住和娱乐设施。

The GCMD database includes descriptions of data sets covering agriculture, the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and oceans, snow and ice, geology, geophysics and paleoclimatology.

它的数据库包括农业、大气、生物圈、水圈、海洋、冰雪、地质、地球物理学和古气候学等多个领域。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。