生物-社会的

By using the reaction of biological individual, population and community to environmental pollution,biological monitoring expounded the pollution state,provided monitoring and evaluating basis to environmental quality.

厉以强，生物监测的意义、现状及展望生物监测指利用生物个体、种群或群落对环境污染或变化所产生的反应阐明污染状况，为环境质量的监测和评价提供依据。

Features and innovations in this study:(1) Longest successive time scale of Precambrian samples is studied;(2) The environmental and biological significances of the difference between . the carbon isotopic compositions of kerogen and coexisted carbonate were discoved;(3) The difference of biogeochemical processes between Proterozoic closed and open sea system was considered in the disccussion;(5) It is first time to carry out the chemolysis and thermolysis of kerogen in Precambrian organic matter research.(6) It is first time to apply molecular organic geochemical data to the reconstruction of Proterozoic Rodinia Supercontinent.

此项研究具有以下特色和创新之处：(1)研究对象连续时间跨度最长；(2)研究内容涉及面较全面；(3)较早详细探讨了前寒武纪沉积有机质的分子特征与古环境和生物群落的演化关系；(4)独立推导和论证了δ〓C〓和δ〓C〓的差值的生物和环境的重要意义；(5)在前寒武纪有机质研究中区分了局部封闭环境下的生物地球化学循环过程与广域海环境下的生物地球化学过程的差异；(6)开展了前寒武纪干酪根化学和热降解研究；(7)开创性地将分子有机地球化学的数据应用于元古宙Rodinia超大陆的重建中。

The way how the host-parasitoid system comes into being and the complicated chemotaxis between organisms are introduced.

本文介绍了生物种群中寄主-拟寄生物系统的形成和生物间复杂的趋化性的产生。

These leds light sources are not only adjustment and uniformity but also smaller , less expensive , required less power , generated less heat . especially , the pattern of the construct both aggregate and desegregate in design was to realize different light intensity illumination on same biology sample at the same time . the selectivity , work efficiency and experiment veracity have been improve greatly

该系列光源除了具备光强可调、分布均匀优势外，还具有波长、波峰宽适宜，以及小巧、价廉、能耗低、发热少等特点，尤其是该生物光源在设计时采用的单元组装模式，使得不同强度的光照能够在同一批生物样品上实现，大大拓宽了生物实验的可选择性，提高了工作效率和实验准确性。

Results and Conclusions: As the recently developed international bio-visual micro-analysis method, QDs technology is the development and extension of this method. QDs technology has advantages in bio-labling, active cell and corporeal imaging, medical research, bio-chip fluorescent labels and screen.

结果与结论： QDs技术是近年来国际生物可视化微分析方法为代表的可视化分析微技术的发展和延伸，它在生物标记、活细胞和体内成像、药物研究、生物芯片的荧光标记与筛选研究等方面具有独特优势。

The thesis consists of six chapters. In the first, the technologies of atomic force microscopy and of the measurement elasticity of biomolecules were introduced. In the second, the validity of VSPFM was confirmed by lift mode atomic force microscopy. In this chapter, the height of DNA was measured by lift mode atomic force microscopy, which demonstrated that the method of height measurement of biomolecules by VSPFM was correct and established the foundation of the method of measurement elasticity of biomolecules by vibrating mode scanning polarization force microscopy. In the third chapter, detailed work has been illustrated on the foundation of the method of measurement elasticity of biomolecules by VSPFM. And the compressive elasticity of DNA was measured. In fourth and fifth chapters, the method was applied in the measurement elasticity of proteins. Two proteins elasticity, fibre-like protein α-synuclein and global protein IgG, were measured by VSPFM, through which the method wound its way to the application of biomolecules. In last chapter, the final part of the thesis was a summary. A conclusion of the thesis and a self-comment on my work as a PhD candidate have been made, and expectation about the further works has been addressed.

本论文共分为六章，第一章，引言部分主要介绍了原子力显微镜技术及生物大分子弹性测量技术；第二章主要是VSPFM方法的正确性论证，介绍抬高模式原理，利用抬高模式原子力显微镜对DNA的高度进行测量，论证振动模式扫描极化力显微镜测量生物大分子的高度的正确性以及准确性，从而为振动模式扫描极化力显微镜测量生物大分子的弹性方法的建立奠定基础；第三章以脱氧核糖核酸为例详细介绍了振动模式极化力显微镜测量生物大分子弹性的方法的建立，对DNA的压弹性进行了初步的测量和分析；第四章和第五章介绍了振动模式扫描极化力显微镜在蛋白质弹性测量中的应用：α-synuclein和IgG分别是纤维状蛋白和球状颗粒蛋白，通过振动模式扫描极化力显微镜测量这两种蛋白质的弹性，摸索振动模式扫描极化力显微镜在蛋白质弹性测量中的应用；第六章对全文进行了总结，在对论文的工作进行归纳和自我评价之后，还对进一步的工作进行了展望。

At present, due to the shortage of un-regenerated resource as petroleum and the requirements of agricultural development, BBCA Group takes the advantage of own bio-technology to stress development of bio-material such as corn, cassava, sorgo, stalk etc to produce fuel alcohol, bio-ethene and its ramification, fibre-polyester, degradable plastic, nontoxic plastic and paint solvent ect, and most of products mentioned above can replace petroleum chemical products.

目前，由于石油等不可再生资源紧缺和农业发展的需要，丰原利用自身生物技术的优势，重点发展以各种生物质（玉米、木薯、红薯、甜高梁、作物秸杆等）为原料生产燃料酒精、生物乙烯及其衍生物、纺织品原料纤维聚酯、聚乳酸生物可降解塑料、无毒增塑剂、油漆涂料的无毒溶剂等系列产品，上述产品可大部分替代石油化工产品。

At present,due to the shortage of un-regenerated resource as petroleum and the requirements of agricultural development,BBCA Group takes the advantage of own bio-technology to stress development of bio-material such as corn,cassava,sorgo,stalk etcto produce fuel alcohol,bio-ethene and its ramification,fibre-polyester,degradable plastic,nontoxic plastic and paint solvent ect,and most of products mentioned above can replace petroleum chemical products.

十年产业发展，丰原集团农产品深加工能力已达360万吨/年，加工产品主要应用于食品添加剂、饲料添加剂、洗涤剂、精细化工、医药原料等产业目前，由于石油等不可再生资源紧缺和农业发展的需要，丰原利用自身生物技术的优势，重点发展以各种生物质(玉米、木薯、红薯、甜高梁、作物秸杆等)为原料生产燃料酒精、生物乙烯及其衍生物、纺织品原料纤维聚酯、聚乳酸生物可降解塑料、无毒增塑剂、油漆涂料的无毒溶剂等系列产品，上述产品可大部分替代石油化工产品

Taking removing a tariff wall, realizing national treatment, fostering integration with the global economy as the purpose, the World Trade Organization attaches extreme importance to intellectual property right protection.

WTO立法框架将现代生物技术知识产权保护纳入其中，通过知识产权保护手段促进现代生物技术的迅速发展，并通过对知识产权的权利限制、绿色壁垒等手段对现代生物技术可能造成的影响进行规制。

The result indicated that, the agricultural chemicals with different shape and function have different equilibrium prices, the permeability, whether to bear washing, whether is an assigned substitute of high poisonous one, whether to remain, whether in its function way to include "absorbing" influence the equilibrium price of pesticides remarkably.

本文认为，在其他特征相同时，生物农药的价格并不比传统农药更高，如果这种情况继续下去，势必挫伤制药企业生产生物农药的积极性，不利于我国生物农药产业的发展。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。