生态种的

The following conclusions have been made in this paper.(1) Based on CO_2 flux data of eddy covariance, variation characteristics of gross primary productivity in four flux observation stations were studied, which are an alpine meadow, an alpine shrub meadow, a swamp alpine meadow and a steppe alpine meadow at Dongxiong. The results show that photosynthetic capacity of the alpine meadow is the highest, and the annual total GPP is 652.2g C/m~2. Daily-differencing approach is used to analyze the random error of CO_2 fluxes measurements. The results show that the distribution of random error follows more closely follows a double-exponential, rather than a normal distribution, capturing the high peak and thick tail, and the random error varies with environment variables, which violates the assumptions for the ordinary least squares fitting with normality and homoscedasticity, consequently, we introduce maximum likelihood method for parameter optimization.

本文主要在以下几个方面开展工作并获得了一些认知和结论：(1)通过分析样带区域内高寒草甸、高寒灌丛、沼泽化湿地和草原化高寒草甸四个通量观测站点草地生态系统总初级生产力变化特征，研究结果表明HBBT矮嵩草草甸生态系统植被光合作用能力较强，年GPP总量为652.2 gC/m~2，明显高于其他三种生态系统；通过利用"单塔日变化法"获得四站点通量观测数据随机误差，结果表明通量观测随机误差概率分布呈现尖峰厚尾的特征，与正态分布相比，更服从双边指数分布，进一步分析表明通量观测随机误差随环境变量(风速、温度和光合有效辐射)的变化而变化，这违背了普通最小二乘法进行生态过程模型参数优化正态分布且误差同质的假设，因此本研究中引入最大似然法进行生态过程模型参数优化。

A clone from each genotype was randomly selected as representative for sequencing. The obtained 16S rDNA gene sequences had a similarity of 87%-100% with those in the GenBank (www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov), and more than half of them had a similarity lower than 97%, being of new species. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the bacteria in the two soils were classified into 10 groups, with 5 groups in common. The dominant bacterial groups in the two soils differed obviously. In primeval forest soil, the dominant group was Proteobacteria, which had 39 genotypes, occupying 58.0% of all the clones; while in the soil of degraded ecosystem the dominant groups were Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria, which had 19 and 15 genotypes occupying 32.5% and 30.5% of all the clones, respectively. In the soil of degraded ecosystem, Proteobacteria group decreased while Acidobacteria group increased markedly, compared with those in primeval forest soil.

从每种基因型中随机选择一个克隆子作为代表进行测序分析，所有序列与GenBank数据库中序列的同源性为87%~100%，且两样地中均有超过一半的基因型序列与数据库中已知序列同源性低于97%，属于分类在"种"地位上的新发现细菌；通过系统发育研究将两样地的细菌分为10大类群，两样地共同拥有5大类群，但两样地的细菌优势类群明显不同，原生土壤为Proteobacteria，含39种基因型，占总克隆子数的58.0%，退化生态系统土壤为Acidobacteria和Proteobacteria，分别含19种和15种基因型，占总克隆子数的32.5%和30.5%；与原生土壤细菌类群相比，退化生态系统土壤Proteobacteria类群明显减少，Acidobacteria类群明显增加。

The spatial,temporal and two-dimensional niche breadths and niche overlaps of Hyalopterus amygda/i, Myzus persicae and their main natural enemies were studied in this paper. The results showed that the synchronism and sympatry of the pests and their natural enemies Harmonia axyridis, Propylaea japonica and Chrysopa septempunctata were both higher, which provided a foundation for protecting and using natural enemies to control the two pests.Key words: Hyalopterus amygdali; Myzus persicae; Natural enemies; Ecological niche

为了保护利用天敌，充分发挥天敌对害虫的自然控制作用，作者对桃粉蚜、桃蚜及其主要大敌在时间维度、空间维度和时—空二维生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行了研究，评价了4种主要大敌异色瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫、大草岭、蜘蛛对这2种害虫在时间和空间上的跟随作用和控制效果，为桃园桃粉蚜、桃蚜两种害虫的生态控制提供理论依据。

Weed species which appeared Over 20% in plots of golf courses were Cyperus rotundus,Kyllinga brevifolia,Oxalis dellenii,Panicum repens,Eleusina indica,Paspalum conjugtum,Digitaria sanguinalis,Hydrocotyle s...

在 2 0 %以上的样带小样方中出现的杂草种类为13种，即香附子、水蜈蚣、黄花酢浆草、铺地黎、牛筋草、两耳草、马唐草、天胡荽、狗尾草、空心莲子草、马齿苋、鸡眼草和犁头草；13种主要杂草总的年消长动态是：1～ 3月份个体数量较少，4～ 10月份期间生长加快，但消长起伏不平，10月份后变缓；70 %以上的主要杂草在草坪-杂草群落中生态位宽度均在 0 。7左右，其中生态位宽度较高的杂草种类为香附子(0 。90 5 4 )、水蜈蚣(0 。86 18)和黄花酢浆草(0 。8381)，生态位最小的杂草种类为马齿苋(0 。392 2 )；13种杂草中，相似性指数最高的杂草种对为空心莲子草与马齿苋(0 。75 98)，最小的杂草种对为天胡荽与鸡眼草 0 。16 6 6

Firstly,capitalist system and highly industrialized societyhas human survival been confronted with fearful challenge,globally ecological crisisconstituted the realistic condition of the engendering and development of"Eco-socialism";Secondly,it is a theory modality and practice format which is more than one century sinceworld socialist movement in developed countries carried through considering andexceeding;Lastly,human being has been stepping"Eco-civilization",natural science andliteral humanities has intercrossed,the synthesizing of ecology and socialist theory becamethe scientific and technological background of the engendering of"Eco-socialism","greenpolitics"and ecological movement became a necessary and realistic condition.

首先，资本主义制度和高度工业化的社会使人类自身的生存面临着严重的挑战，全球性的生态危机构成了生态社会主义产生与发展的最为现实的历史条件；其次，它是一个多世纪以来世界社会主义运动在二十世纪末期这个特定的历史时刻出现的一种理论形态和实践形式，它是发达国家社会主义运动进行自我反思和超越的理论结果；再次，人类正在步入&生态文明&，自然科学和人文科学的交叉、生态科学和社会主义思想的结合成为生态社会主义产生的科技和人文背景，&绿色政治&和生态运动又成为生态社会主义产生和发展的一个必要的现实条件。

By using Shannon-Wiener index of niche breadth and Pianka index of niche overlap, this paper studied the niche characteristics of main plant species at different succession stages of vegetation in desert areas of north Gulang County, Gansu Province.

利用Shannon—Wiener生态位宽度公式和Pianka生态位重叠公式，计测分析了甘肃省古浪县北部荒漠植被主要植物种在不同植被演替阶段的生态位宽度和生态位重叠。

With spatial sequence taking the place of temporal sequence and succession time as ecological dimension, the niche volumes and overlaps of various species were quantitatively investigated in the manmade florae of Shapotou Area to study the resource-exploiting capacities, interspecific similarities and competition mechanisms of various community components of manmade florae in sand areas in community succession.

在沙坡头沙区人工植被群落区，采用空间序列代替时间序列，并以演替时间为生态位维度，通过定量分析物种的生态位体积和生态位重迭，研究沙区人工植物群落演替过程中群落各组分种对资源的利用能力、种间生态相似性及竞争机制。

With spatial sequence taking the place of temporal sequence and succession time as ecological dimension, the niche volumes and overlaps of various species were quantitatively investigated in the manmade florae of Shapotou Area to study the resource-exploiting capacities, interspecific similarities and competition mechanisms of various community components of manmade florae in sand areas in community succession.

在沙坡头沙区人工植被群落区，采用空间序列代替时间序列，并以演替时间为生态位维度，通过定量分析物种的生态位体积和生态位重叠，研究沙区人工植物群落演替过程中群落各组分种对资源的利用能力、种间生态相似性及竞争机制。

Logistic regression and Ecological-Niche Factor Analysis were employed to link the records of land snails with environmental factors and predict the occurrence probability of land snail species in I-Lan County.

再将陆贝出现纪录与环境因子结合，针对出现记录最多的前11种陆贝套用逻辑回归与生态栖位因子分析(Ecological-Niche Factors Analysis， ENFA)两种生态模式，预测宜兰地区这11种陆贝的出现机率。

Soil moisture, soil salinity and soil acidity, by Levins formula and the method by Wang gang.

结果如下：1在群落梯度上，生态位大小依次为红砂( 0 。70 1 0 )，梭梭( 0 。6 4 34 )，角果藜( 0 。4 774 )，雾冰藜( 0 。374 5 )，盐爪爪( 0 。35 4 1 )，叉毛蓬( 0 。335 4 )和碱蓬( 0 。2 76 9)；2红砂在土壤水分、土壤盐分、土壤酸碱度维上的生态位分别为 0 。5 2 74 ，0 。6 0 39和 0 。36 2 0 ，梭梭在这 3维上分别为 0 。332 0 ，0 。30 83和 0 。5 1 0 3，从生态位宽度看，红砂和梭梭处于优势种地位，其余为非优势种；3每个物种在群落梯度上的生态位宽度基本大于在上述 3个资源轴上的平均生态位；4红砂与梭梭在土壤盐分维上的生态位重叠最大( 0 。4 2 0 3)，表明了这两个优势种在利用土壤盐分方面有相似的特性

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！