生态种

ABSTRACT This dissertation, based on the theories of geography, ecology, economics, sociology and environmental sciences, has analyzed the impact of transition between cultivation and pasture animal husbandry on the mechanism of desertification in Kerqin Sandy Region, of which behavior mechanism of local people was emphasized. The changing direction of integrated land desertification control strategy in semi-arid regions was discussed after having explored the primary reasons of estrepement, overgrazing and excessive firewood gathering. Followings are the main research works having been done.

本文选取科尔沁沙地作为研究区域，以两种最主要的土地利用方式、也是两种最主要的生产方式——农、牧业作为研究对象，依据地理学、生态学、经济学、社会学与环境科学的基本理论与方法，基于现有研究资料的系统整合，结合野外调查的结果，从更加综合的角度，来研究农、牧业选择变化对沙漠化过程的影响机理，从农、牧业选择变化的角度来揭示&滥垦、滥牧、滥樵&的本质，进而寻求中国北方半干旱地区生态环境综合整治的对策。

Structure index was significantly (P.05) different among three plant species whereas channel index and enrichment index were not. Plant species not only modified abundance of plant-feeding, omnivorous and predatory nematodes, but also percentage of each trophic group. Bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes were affected most by the differences in plant species.

研究表明在沙地生态系统中，3种植物根际土壤线虫群落的多样性、丰富度、均匀度和线虫总数虽然都存在一定的差异，但不显著；功能多样性指数中结构指数存在显著差异，而通道指数、富集指数不存在显著差异；3种植物对根际土壤线虫群落中各营养类群线虫的比例有显著影响。

Has also been considered during the revision.More than 1,100 specimens from 11 herbaria worldwide have been examined. After having studied the characteristics, phenology and ecological habit, we have gotten the morphological figures of each species. The characteristics of the disputed species have been studied in detail and have been quantitatively analyzed though scatter-map.

查阅和借阅了2个国家11个标本馆1100余份南五味子属标本，对世界范围的南五味子属种类作了整理，描绘了每个种的性状特征、物候期、生态习性，绘出了形态线描图，讨论了与其近缘属种间的关系；对在分类学上有争议的种类进一步进行解剖和测量，详细记录枝、叶、花、果实、种子等的形状、大小、数目、颜色、毛被等数据或信息，绘制散点图，对各种性状作定量研究，进行分析、归纳与分类。

Aimed at the study of Lauraceae system classification in domestic and overseas,genetic diversity and genetic variation between Cinnamomun micranthum Hayata natural populations and Ex-situ conservation poputations and relationship among Its Close Relative Species of Cinnamomum camphora Presl,Cinnamomum burmannii(C.G.etTh.Nee) Bl,Phoebe bournei Yang. Litsea subcoriacea Yang et P.H.Huan. Neolitsea aurata Koidz,Lindera communis Hemsl and Persea Americana Mill.were studied by inter-simple sequence repeats molecular marker.The research aimed at genetic variation between Cinnamomun micranthum Hayata populations,so that can offer the molecular theoretic and practical method for conservation and utilization of Cinnamomun micranthum Hayata populations.

针对目前国内外对樟科植物系统分类的研究现状，本研究采用ISSR分子标记技术对樟科沉水樟天然居群和迁地保护居群的遗传多样性进行研究，从分子水平上分析沉水樟种群的生态遗传及其遗传变异规律；同时利用ISSR分子标记技术比较沉水樟及其近缘种香樟、阴香、闽楠、桂北木姜子、新木姜子、香叶树、鳄梨在分子水平上的亲缘关系，揭示这些树种在樟科植物系统进化中的作用与地位，探讨沉水樟及其近缘种的遗传多样性及其分化格局，为樟科植物的系统分类提供分子水平的依据。

Here lives the biggest bird in the world ostrich; the second smallest bird in the world Red Munia; the bird flying the highest Swan; Tufted Duck and so on.

在这由近千种不同植物美化而成的466亩生态空间里，展示着300余种30000余只各式热带飞禽，涵盖了海南鸟类的绝大多数。

Here, we took demonstration study of the ecological impacts of disconnection from the river on fish recources in Zhangdu Lake. Our results showed that:(1) Fishery mode changed and the rate of wild fishery production changed from 95% in 1949 to less than 5% in 2002.(2) Fish species have decreased from 80 in 1950s to 52 at present, and the rate of migrant and potamic species decreased from 50% in 1950s to 30% at present.

我们以涨渡湖为例开展江湖阻隔后对单个湖泊鱼类资源所产生的生态影响进行研究，结果表明：江湖阻隔导致湖泊生产经营方式改变，使得野生渔业产量的比例由1949年的95%，降低到2002年的不足5%；江湖阻隔后湖泊鱼类种类由50年代约80种下降到现在的52种，其中，洄游性和流水型鱼类比重由50%下降至不足30

Here, we took demonstration study of the ecological impacts of disconnection from the river on fish recources in Zhangdu Lake. Our results showed that:(1) Fishery mode changed and the rate of wild fishery production changed from 95% in 1949 to less than 5% in 2002.(2) Fish species have decreased from 80 in 1950s to 52 at present, and the rate of migrant and potamic species decreased from 50% in 1950s to 30% at present.(3) Comparing with the linking lake, Zhangdu Lake had higher fishing production, larger individual size, fewer species number and lower diversity index of "mihunzheng" fishery, a universal fishing tool in Yangtze.

我们以涨渡湖为例开展江湖阻隔后对单个湖泊鱼类资源所产生的生态影响进行研究，结果表明：江湖阻隔导致湖泊生产经营方式改变，使得野生渔业产量的比例由1949年的95%，降低到2002年的不足5%；江湖阻隔后湖泊鱼类种类由50年代约80种下降到现在的52种，其中，洄游性和流水型鱼类比重由50%下降至不足30%；迷魂阵渔获物在单位产量、个体大小上极显著(p 0.01)地高于通江湖泊，但在物种数和多样性指数上则要低得多(p 0.01)。

The photosynthesis is determined by photosynthesis meterThe results showed that the net photosynthesis rate of Carex lasiocarpa(47.41 μ mol/m/s)is faster than those of other plants in Carex lasiocarpa wetland, Based on the overall sunlight radiation and the efficient photosynthesis radiation, energy utilization rate in radicula was the highest(1.3945% and 3.1879%)While those in spike was the lowest(0.0020% and 0.0046%).

毛果苔草湿地的物理过程观测设在中国科学院三江平原沼泽湿地生态实验站内，用美国CID公司出品的光合仪对典型湿地中几种优势植物的光合能力进行测定；在80℃干燥的植物样品，粉碎后，分别称量约1g左右，用美国公司Parr型氧弹式热量计测定；研究发现毛果苔草湿地建群种中毛果苔草的净光合速率最大，为47.41μmol/m/s。

Themain results are as follows:(1)The utilization-oriented silvicultureshould be regarded as a silvicultural regime or system,that can bestsatisfy the special economic,social or ecological demand for a given regionwith lowest cost and fast speed,using specifically oriented,systematic andadvanced technical measures on the basis of characteristics of tree species,natural and economic conditions and local technical and development levels.

主要研究结果如下：(1)定向培育应该做为一种森林培育制度来对待，即定向培育是根据经济、社会和生态上的特定要求，确定相应的培育目标，然后根据造林地区和造林地的条件，造林树种或树种组合的特性，以及当地经济和技术水平，采用相应专向，系统、先进、配套的培育技术体系，以可能的最低成本和最快速度，达到定向要求的一种森林培育制度。

As a kind of new developing culture phenomenon appearing in consumption-entertainment, network-image era,"spoof" had subverted, solved and removed royal culture freely. It makes the cultural ecological environment that all voices could express themselves more plur.

恶搞作为一种在娱乐消费、网络影像时代下出现的新兴文化现象，以一种自由肆意的文化姿态颠覆、解构了精英文化，使原本就众语喧哗的文化生态环境呈现出更加多元的态势。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。