生态种

1Niche construction can lead to stable coexistence of diverse genotypes in spatially structured population, which supports a stable polymorphism even without heterozygote superiority.(2)With habitat deterioration, niche construction accelerates the formation of steady polymorphism and hence impedes the harmful influences of environment on the population, which might embody a life-history strategy of organism under the unfavorable environment.(3)Niche construction results in the coexistence with alternative polymorphism through genotype-environment feedback and limited gene flow.(4)The niche-constructing organism is an active force to alter its environment and hence the direction of natural selection in order to better survival.(5)Spatial dynamics and distribution pattern of metapopulation are profoundly influenced by time-lagged niche construction.(6)Metapopulation size can reach a fixed level in the recency effect and equal weighting of time lag but is statistical stability in primacy effect, which implies the primacy effect is most remarkable.(7)The increment in the relative weightingof each generation\' niche construction and the length of time lag are significant factors for system destabilization.(8)Moderate capacity of positive niche construction benefits the metapopulation persistence.(9)The narrowing of niche breadth can decrease the metapopulation size and thereby increase the extinction risk.(10)The coupled function of time lag and niche construction make the system oscillation and generate the spiral wave, spiral-broken and circular wave in heterogeneous habitat.The spatial distributions of metapopulation and resource content are complementary due to a phase lag of their both frequencies.(12)Metapopulation persistence with niche construction depends not only on the balance between colonization and extinction, but also on the balance between the ability of niche construction and natural dissipation of habitat.(13)Metapopula-tion can survive under certain condition when the percent of suitable patches in habitat is lower than the ration of extinction to colonization.(14)Two thresholds exist in the process of transition of habitat quality dynamics from unsuitable to suitable, which include the intensity of niche construction and the initial condition of system.(15)Metapopulation size is positive correlated with the ability of positive niche construction, which means that organism or population who has strongly positive influences on their environment plays an important role to maintain the available habitat.

通过上述几个方面的研究，主要得出以下15条结论：(1)生态位构建可使空间结构种群，甚至是在没有杂合子优势的条件下，形成多种可能的稳定基因型分布模式；(2)随着环境的破坏与恶化，种群的生态位构建作用加速其较早形成稳定多态以阻碍环境对种群的不利影响，解释了有机体在不利环境下的一种生活史对策；(3)生态位构建作用通过基因型—环境反馈机制及有限的基因交流导致基因型多态的稳定共存；(4)有机体的生态位构建作用是一种积极的动力改变环境进而改变其自然选择的方向；(5)生态位构建的时滞作用对集合种群动态和空间分布产生深刻影响；(6)集合种群大小在时滞的崭新效应和等权重效应下达到一固定值，而在首位效应下达到统计稳定，表明首位效应的影响最显著；(7)首位效应下生态位构建相对权重的增量和时滞的长度是影响系统不稳定性动态的关键因素；(8)适中的生态位构建强度有利于集合种群的续存；(9)生态位宽度变窄会减少集合种群的数量从而增加其灭绝风险；(10)时滞和生态位构建的双重作用使系统产生周期振荡，并在异质性环境中产生稳定的螺旋波，破碎的螺旋波和环形波三种分布模式；(11)集合种群与资源含量的空间分布因为相滞而互补；(12)具有生态位构建的集合种群续存不仅取决于侵占率与灭绝率之间的平衡，而且依赖于生态位构建能力同其生境的自然消耗速率之间的妥协；(13)当生境中适合侵占的斑块比例小于其侵占率与灭绝率之比时，生态位构建作用促使集合种群在一定条件下续存：(14)生境斑块的状态从不适合到适合转变过程中存在生态位构建强度和系统初始条件这两个阈值；(15)集合种群的大小同正生态位构建能力正相关，意味着对环境具有较强正作用的有机体对维持有效生境起积极作用。

First, select four kinds of main risks source from bigly celebrate the main risk in region source, namely the flood, drought, sand-dust weather and petroleum pollution accident, etc. According to the different a request for to habitat, study this 19 kinds of landscapes ecosystem type of the Regional induce for 7 kinds of ecosystems system: Then the marsh of bulrush, lakes and reservoirs , salt alkali wasteland, prairie, island form wood, farmland, town. The difference is proceeded by characteristic according to each type ecosystem to the analysis of four kinds of main risks source, including the certain risk all rate, delimiting the space distribute, analyzing the risk strength to the receptor etc. At proceed the revelation the different from endanger to analyze the inside, this text borrows ecosystem index number that this index sign to reflect primarily habitat the ecosystem meaning of the type of habitat the different from position, with weak an index number to show the destructibility of the habitat, from but compute each ecosystem that is lost by ecosystem system an index number.

首先，从大庆地区主要的风险源中遴选出四种主要的风险源，即洪涝、干旱、沙尘天气和石油污染等；依据不同生物类群对生境的要求，将本研究区域的19种景观生态类型归纳为7种生态系统：即芦苇沼泽、湖泡库渠、盐碱荒地、草甸草原、岛状林、农田、城镇；对四种主要风险源的进行分析，包括确定风险概率，划定空间分布，对风险受体的作用强度分析等；在进行暴露和危害分析中，本文主要借生态指数这一指标来反映不同生境类型的生态意义和地位，以脆弱度指数来体现不同生境的易损性，从而计算出各受体生态系统的生态损失度指数；由于各主要风险物质对风险受体的作用强度是不同的，对形成区域性生态风险的作用大小也有差异，因此本文采用层次分析法对主要生态风险物质进行综合评价，并把判断矩阵排序权值的合理计算问题归为—非线性化问题，并提出用基于遗传算法(GA[5])的层次分析模型进行权重分析；进行风险表征，即综合前面两个阶段的信息，对环境中风险的性质和强度以及风险评价过程中不确定性问题进行分析与描述，并划分出五级生态风险区；最后，根据划分的五级生态风险区的特征，分别提出针对各生态风险区的生态风险管理对策。

The smallest taxonomic subdivision of an ecospecies, consisting of populations adapted to a particular set of environmental conditions.

生态型生态种的最小划分单位，由适应某一特定环境条件的群体组成。

Of Chinese Yellow Cattle Ecospecies and Their Course of Utilization.

一。 见：中国黄牛生态种特征及其利用方向。北京：农业出版社

A taxonomic species considered in terms of its ecological characteristics and usually including several interbreeding ecotypes.

生态种按生态学特征划分的分类种，常包括一些杂交生态型

The paper studies mostly: the community structure of Orthoptera, fauna analysis, species diversity, similarity of insect community in different habitats, the analysis of ecological species group, and the origin and evolution of insect and plant community in Daqinggou Nature Reserve.

主要内容包括：直翅目昆虫群落的结构、区系组成、以及物种多样性，不同生境中昆虫群落的相似性分析，昆虫生态种组的聚类分析，最后讨论了大青沟直翅目昆虫的区系起源演化和大青沟植物群落的起源问题。

Species-pairs were positive correlation,including 10 species-pairs were higher significant positive correlation and 24 speciespairs were significant positive correlation, and 263 species-pairs were negative correlation, including 8 species-pairs were higher significant negative correlation and 28 species-pairs were significant negative correlation, which were tested by Spearman＇ s rank correlation coefficient.

正负相关比为0.7643，显著种对占总对数的15.05%，群落优势种种间多呈不显著关联。2）按照31个建群种和优势种对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素，它们被划分为2个生态种组：芦苇组和早熟禾组。3）关帝山撂荒地植物群落以退耕还林的先锋物种为主，表明植物群落处于森林植被恢复的初期演替阶段。

There are some grass seeds recommended for ecological restoration , for example, Kentucky bluegrass, ryegrass, coronilla, festuca arundinacea, sword-bamboo and euonymus fortunei.3Regarding JBA,YQS, and CXL fertilizer as addition agent of the ecological material, magnetic fertilizer as ecological fertilizer, the material take on character such as water holding capacity, fertilizer retaining, prime cluster structure and binding power, which realize the destination of ecological protection of the abrupt rock slope.4Ecological material protection slope techniques, which is suitable for abrupt rock slope in high-cold area, has been formed elementarily.

高寒地区生态护坡的草种应选用具有抗寒、抗贫瘠和适宜粗放管理的冷季型草种，推荐使用的川西高寒地区生态护坡植物种属为：草地早熟禾、黑麦草、小冠花、高羊茅的草种组合，剑竹灌木种，以及小叶扶芳藤藤蔓植物种。(3)适当配比的高分子材料JBA、YQS和生态肥料CXL作为生态基材的添加剂可使基材具有保水、保肥、优质团粒化和粘结性能，从而达到生态护坡的目的。(4)开发了JYC生态护坡基材，初步形成了一套适合川西高寒地区岩质陡边坡生态基材防护的技术方法体系。来源：Ac9BC论文网www.abclunwen.com

It showed that the niche breadth and niche overlapping indexes of the enclosed grassland in 2007 are much lower than in 2006 as a whole; The niche breadth of Artemisia ordosica is bigger than other species in the region in 2002. In 2003, the dominant species were Artemisia ordosica and Salsola ruthenica. Their niche breadth indexes were 0.544 and 0.460 respectively. The results of niche overlapping in 2006 and 2007 also showed that the species with big niche breadth didn't always have big niche overlapping, and the niche breadth and niche overlapping did not have a positive direct linear relation.

结果表明：2007年封育区植物种的生态位宽度及种间的生态位重叠指数总体上较2006年有所降低；2006年黑沙蒿生态位宽度最大，达0.768，是06年封育区的优势种；2007年封育区的优势种为刺沙蓬和黑沙蒿，其生态位宽度值分别为0.544、0.460；2006年和2007的生态位重叠结果均表明，生态位宽度大的物种不一定和其他物种有大的重叠指数，较高的生态位宽度和较高的生态位重叠之间并不存在直接的线性关系；2006年、2007年较高的Pianka生态位重叠指数都出现在生态位宽度较小的物种之间。

Soil moisture, soil salinity and soil acidity, by Levins formula and the method by Wang gang.

结果如下：1在群落梯度上，生态位大小依次为红砂( 0 。70 1 0 )，梭梭( 0 。6 4 34 )，角果藜( 0 。4 774 )，雾冰藜( 0 。374 5 )，盐爪爪( 0 。35 4 1 )，叉毛蓬( 0 。335 4 )和碱蓬( 0 。2 76 9)；2红砂在土壤水分、土壤盐分、土壤酸碱度维上的生态位分别为 0 。5 2 74 ，0 。6 0 39和 0 。36 2 0 ，梭梭在这 3维上分别为 0 。332 0 ，0 。30 83和 0 。5 1 0 3，从生态位宽度看，红砂和梭梭处于优势种地位，其余为非优势种；3每个物种在群落梯度上的生态位宽度基本大于在上述 3个资源轴上的平均生态位；4红砂与梭梭在土壤盐分维上的生态位重叠最大( 0 。4 2 0 3)，表明了这两个优势种在利用土壤盐分方面有相似的特性

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了