生态的

The following conclusions have been made in this paper.(1) Based on CO_2 flux data of eddy covariance, variation characteristics of gross primary productivity in four flux observation stations were studied, which are an alpine meadow, an alpine shrub meadow, a swamp alpine meadow and a steppe alpine meadow at Dongxiong. The results show that photosynthetic capacity of the alpine meadow is the highest, and the annual total GPP is 652.2g C/m~2. Daily-differencing approach is used to analyze the random error of CO_2 fluxes measurements. The results show that the distribution of random error follows more closely follows a double-exponential, rather than a normal distribution, capturing the high peak and thick tail, and the random error varies with environment variables, which violates the assumptions for the ordinary least squares fitting with normality and homoscedasticity, consequently, we introduce maximum likelihood method for parameter optimization.

本文主要在以下几个方面开展工作并获得了一些认知和结论：(1)通过分析样带区域内高寒草甸、高寒灌丛、沼泽化湿地和草原化高寒草甸四个通量观测站点草地生态系统总初级生产力变化特征，研究结果表明HBBT矮嵩草草甸生态系统植被光合作用能力较强，年GPP总量为652.2 gC/m~2，明显高于其他三种生态系统；通过利用"单塔日变化法"获得四站点通量观测数据随机误差，结果表明通量观测随机误差概率分布呈现尖峰厚尾的特征，与正态分布相比，更服从双边指数分布，进一步分析表明通量观测随机误差随环境变量(风速、温度和光合有效辐射)的变化而变化，这违背了普通最小二乘法进行生态过程模型参数优化正态分布且误差同质的假设，因此本研究中引入最大似然法进行生态过程模型参数优化。

By taking cotton fiber in high yield cotton field of north Xinjiang as the object, the niche-fitness theory were introduced, through analysis the niche-fitness of cotton fiber in three mono-topping and multi-topping intercrop system treatment, the result showed, it is acceptable that evaluate cotton fiber quality by niche-fitness, the niche-fitness value of cotton fiber at the middle part of the cotton plant is the biggest that topping inJul.10th and Jul.25th in this three treatment, moreover, with the increase of topping times, compare with it's top part of cotton plant, the niche-fitness of cotton fiber at the low part of cotton plant have a raise tendency, the niche-fitness value of top and low part of cotton plant in multi-topping treatment is bigger than what of mono-topping.

以北疆高产棉田棉纤维作为研究对象，引入生态位适宜度理论，对三个打顶次数不同的处理的棉花群体棉纤维生态位适宜度进行分析研究，结果表明：用生态位适宜度来评价棉纤维品质是切实可行的，三个打顶处理中7月10日和7月25日打顶棉株棉纤维生态位适宜度均为中部最高，并且随着棉花群体打顶次数的增加，其下部棉纤维生态位适宜度较上部有逐渐增高的趋势，与一次打顶相比较，其二、三次打顶棉株上、下部棉纤维生态位适宜度均升高。

Based on the actuality of agricultural ecological security and regional heterogeneity in Hunan, the paper expounds the countermeasure including: strictly control the increasing of population, choose the agricultural resource using model by adjust measures to local conditions, speed the course of agricultural industrialization, establish the investment system of agricultural ecological security, adjust energy sources structure in country, put the returning cultivated land into forest project in practice, perfect the surveillance and forecast system of agricultural ecological security, reinforce the legislation and propagandizing of agricultural environment protection, and popularize the knowledge of ecological security.

这些措施为：严格控制人口增长，树立可持续的发展观；因地制宜选择农业资源利用模式，高效集约利用农业资源；加快农业产业化进程，提高农业持续发展能力；建立以政府投入为主的农业生态安全建设投入体系；调整农村能源结构，加快生态安全技术和产品的研究与开发；实施退耕还林工程，加快生态防护林体系建设；建立和完善农业生态安全监测与预警系统；加强农业环保立法与宣传，普及生态安全知识。

We took Picea mongolica forest in Baiyinaobao natural preserve InnerMongolia Autonomous Region as the research object,studied its environment,autecology,population ecology,community ecology,ecosystem ecology and socialecology systematically.

本文以内蒙古白音敖包自然保护区的沙地云杉林为研究对象，通过大量的野外调查、室内分析和资料收集，从保护生态学的观点出发，对沙地云杉林的环境、个体生态、种群生态、群落生态和生态系统生态以及社会生态进行了全面系统的研究。

The national park is non-rival within its tourism carrying capacity, and it is excludable because only the tourists buying entrance fee can be permitted to visit the park.

自然类和综合类国家公园是一个完整生态系统或者一个生态系统的一个部分，因而，具有一般生态系统都具有的生态系统服务功能，因此，要放在生态系统的背景里，完整地理解其价值。

Fuzzy hypervolume niche was proposed to overcome the limitation of Hutchinson\'s niche concept and the formulas to measure two important indexes—niche width and niche overlap which can be easily applied in practice.

为克服Hutchinson的生态位定义的局限提出了模糊超体积生态位，以及度量生态位的两个重要指标——生态位宽度和生态位重叠，新公式便于应用。

Niche which many ecologists have become interested in is an important concept in ecology. The main definitions of niche are the habitat niche of Grinnell (1917), the functional niche of Elton (1933) and the hypervolume niche of Hutchinson (1957) whose concept has by far the largest influence on niche.

生态位是生态学的一个重要概念，许多生态学家都对生态位下了定义，主要有Grinnell(1917)的生境生态位，Elton(1933)的功能生态位，Hutchinson(1957)的超体积生态位，尤以Hutchinson的&超体积生态位&影响为大。

The main definitions of niche are the habitat niche of Grinnell (1917), the functional niche of Elton (1933) and the hypervolume niche of Hutchinson (1957) whose concept has by far the largest influence on niche.

生态位是生态学的一个重要概念，许多生态学家都对生态位下了定义，主要有Grinnell(1917)的生境生态位，Elton(1933)的功能生态位，Hutchinson(1957)的超体积生态位，尤以Hutchinson的&超体积生态位&影响为大。

The results showed that the height niche breadth of Litsea subcoriacea and Cinnamomum chekiangense in gaps and in non-gaps were the biggest. The height niche overlaps were greater between those species that had similar biological and ecological characteristics, and vice versa.

结果表明：桂北木姜子和浙江桂在林隙内外都占有较高的生态位宽度；生物学特性和生态学特性接近的树种高度生态位重叠较大，反之则较小；在林隙内，山矾和薄叶山矾的高度生态位重叠最大，而桂北木姜子和黄瑞木、尖叶水丝梨，浙江桂和尖叶水丝梨的高度生态位重叠较小；在非林隙内，山矾和黄瑞木的高度生态位重叠最大，桂北木姜子和尖叶水丝梨、黄瑞木的高度生态位重叠较小。

It is the organic conformation of four levels of the degree of regional economies, of protection and restoration of regional ecology, of relativeness between regional economies and ecology, and of diffusion of pollution in regions that are the starting point and pathway to construct comprehensive evaluation system of the degree of harmony between regional economies and eco

构造区域经济与生态发展和谐度的综合评判体系，应当以区域经济发展度、区域生态保护与修复度、区域经济与生态关联度、周边区域生态污染扩散度四个层面的有机整合作为切入点和推进路径。区域经济与生态发展和谐度并非一成不变，而是随时随地都在运动变化着的。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！