生态

This paper first introduces the ecological citizenship theories articulated by Bart van Steenbergen and Andrew Dobson, and then expounds, from the perspective of ecological civilization, four important features of it. The author argues that ecological citizenship is the citizenship with awareness of environmental human rights, virtue and responsibility, cosmopolitism, and ecology.

笔者首先简要介绍了斯廷博根和多布森的生态公民理论，继而从生态文明视野的角度阐述了生态公民的四个重要特征：生态公民是具有环境人权意识的公民；生态公民是具有良好美德和责任意识的公民；生态公民是具有世界主义意识的世界公民；生态公民是具有生态意识的公民。

The results show that the cultivated land area in Wanzhou will slightly decreased while the construction land will slightly increased,forest land will increased dramatically,and it is difficult to improve the ecosystem service value by single increasing the wetland area.Grassland ecological restoration and increasing orchard area will improve the ecosystem service value by comprehensive treatment of geological hazards and soil loss.The ecosystem service theory value in Wanzhou is 11.89 billion yuan each year,the correction value is 10.64 billion yuan each year,and the present value is 9.65 billion yuan each year.This shows the ecological restoration has good economical efficiency.The optimization of land use structures based on ecosystem service value could satisfy the development of social economy with land demand,and realized the benefit of ecology and economy inphase,the study supported a new way to solve the key technical problem in land use programming in China.

计算结果表明：（1）规划期内万州区耕地面积略有减少，建设用地面积有所增加，林地面积有较大幅度增加，大规模增加湿地面积提高土地生态功能价值则难以实现；（2）地质灾害与水土流失综合治理、草地生态系统修复以及适当增加园地面积，能够提高万州区土地生态功能价值；（3）万州区土地生态经济理论价值为11888亿元/a，修正价值为10644亿元/a，均高于现状值9653亿元/a，土地生态修复与建设的生态经济效益可观；（4）基于生态系统服务价值的土地利用结构优化，能够满足社会经济发展对土地的需求并同步实现生态经济效益的最优，为解决土地利用规划中的关键技术问题提供新的方法。

Tthe main causes of ecological degradation include irrational utilization and traditional economic modes which embodied population rapid growth, destroying forest and opening up wasteland, tillage in steep slope, excess graze, mangling trees, single tree variety, irrational utilizing land and low level industrial structure except for natural reasons such as water, soil and slope.

本论文依托于赤水市生态修复项目，从水土保持生态修复的概念出发，论述生态修复的理论基础，分析赤水市生态退化的机理，根据赤水市生态修复区的生态环境现状和生态修复试点县的经验，提出赤水市水土保持生态修复措施和修复模式。

On the basis of it, eight suggestions are put forward to evaluate the forestry ecological benefits:(1) it is an inevitable trend to carry out the comprehensive evaluation of the multifold forest ecological benefits;(2) upbuilding the theoretical frame of ecological benefits according to the situation of our country;(3) conducting the subarea case research based on the way of creativity accountment;(4) to set up the locating monitoring system of subarea forestry ecology profits to provide the reliable reference for the research;(5) studying the measuring estimate index more comprehensively to make it more self_contained and self_governed;(6) establishing the standards of the forest ecological benefit evaluation so that the evaluation could provide rational evidence for the establishment of the forestry compensation law and so on;(7) upbuilding economic accountment system of forest ecological benefits;(8) establishing economic compensation system of forest ecological benefits.

并且在此基础上提出了对今后森林生态效益评价研究的八点建议：(1)进行森林多种生态效益的综合评价是今后发展的必然趋势；(2)从国情出发建立我国森林生态效益评价理论框架；(3)在创新核算方法的基础上开展分区案例研究；(4)建立区域性森林生态效益定位监测系统，为研究提供真实可靠的数据资料；(5)更全面地研究生态效益计量评价指标，使之既具完备性又具独立性；(6)建立森林生态效益评价标准，使评价结果能为林业补偿等法律政策制定提供科学的依据；(7)建立森林生态效益经济核算制度；(8)建立森林生态效益的经济补偿制度。

Concludedly, it is pointed out that geotectonic is deeply influencing the erosion rule and is the decisive factor of desertification and lack of water in Huanghe River Valley in Shaanxi Province.(5) Based on the Theory of Dissipative Structure and the Hypothesis of Wavy Mosaic Structure, the coupling relation between eco-environment and geotectonics is theoretically discussed, and the main points are: i Degree of the order of eco-environment is higher in tectonic wave-dense belt than in tectonic wave-scatted belt.

系统研究了陕西生态环境特征和问题分析了陕西生态环境特征及陕西水土流失、沙质荒漠化、资源性缺水、主要生态系统生态功能降低等生态环境问题，运用替代市场价值法等方法估算了陕西环境问题所造成的经济损失，并估算了现阶段各种生态环境造成的经济损失，经分析认为陕西的生态环境使省域生态环境受到严重威胁，也影响着华北平原等周边地区的生态安全。

On the ecosystem health, definitions from utilization and ecosystem views are introduced, the contents and difficulties in assessing it are discussed. On the biodiversity enhancement, the relationship between forest structural complexity and forest biodiversity are discussed, the significance of old growth structure are highlighted, and measures of changing forest structure to promote forest biodiversity are put forward. On the landscape planning in forest management, some patterns, theoretical foundations and models are introduced, especially three conceptual models, i.e., key habitat\|corridors model, nature landscape model, and supportive features model. On the alternative silvicultural systems, reasons for developing alternative silvicultural system by mimic of nature disturbance are discussed, and some advanced techniques and their ecological basis are noted. Finally, on the ecosystem service, its contents and importance of assessment are illustrated.

关于森林生态系统健康，讨论了不同角度对生态系统健康的定义和不同层次上的生态系统健康的内容及评价生态系统健康的困难所在；②关于森林生物多样性，探讨了森林结构复杂性与生物多样性的关系，老龄林结构对森林生态系统的意义和作用，以及如何通过经营调整结构促进生物多样性；③关于森林经营的景观规划，描述了进行景观规划的途径、理论和模型，并对三种概念模型进行了介绍；④关于森林经营的替代技术体系，介绍了模拟自然干扰设计替代技术体系的原理，分析了替代经营技术体系产生的原因和有关最新技术研究进展；⑤关于森林生态系统服务，讨论了生态系统服务的基本内容和评价在森林生态系统管理中的重要意义。

Meanwhile, the paper also quantitatively studied the response mode of the soil moisture, crop, trees and grass under climate change conditions with the statistical and numerical models.

本研究选择黄淮海流域、新疆、小兴安岭和内蒙古锡林浩特分别作为农田、森林、草原典型生态研究区，利用较长时间序列的气候资料、遥感数据及其他辅助资料，运用趋势、相关、EOF、突变检验、小波分析及数值模拟等多种方法，在分析研究不同生态研究区气候变化区域特征的基础上，较为系统全面地开展了我国北方典型生态区气候变化对农田生态、森林生态和草原生态典型和敏感生态环境指标的影响研究，包括气候变化对农田土壤水分、农作物发育期和产量的影响；气候变化木本植物和鸟类物候的影响；气候变化对植被NDVI、林木生产力和森林生态环境质量的影响；气候变化对草原土壤水分和牧草产量的影响，同时，通过统计模型和数值模型定量研究了气候变化背景下的土壤水分、作物、林木和牧草响应模式。

By a survey on the ecotourist"s attributes , motivations, environmental attitudes and behavior tendency , this chapter distinguishes two kind of different ecotourists—soft ecotourists and relatively hard ecotourists, summarizes their characteristics and obtains the enlightenment of the Nature Reserve ecotourism. The fifth chapter, according to the real investigation result, puts forward the proper management suggestions on the basis of ecotourist behavior characteristics, that is, to follow the principle of basing "the material to management and implement the classified management.

本章通过对生态旅游者的属性、生态旅游动机、生态意识及行为倾向的调查，得出存在两种不同类型生态旅游者——一般的和比较严格的生态旅游者，总结其特征并得出对保护区生态旅游的启示；最后第五章根据调查结论，给出基于生态旅游者行为特征的管理建议，提出遵循因&材&施管的原则，应对生态旅游者实行分类管理。

However, the trends of both improvement and degradation in eco-environment were coexist, and displayed their spatial hete...

与城市用地变化有关的土地利用类型也多分布在金昌、嘉峪关、张掖、武威和酒泉 5个地级市所在地区，表明这些区域的城市化过程相对活跃；3城市用地变化对生态环境影响的空间规律表现为：使生态环境原本较差的地区生态环境质量有所增加，而使生态环境质量较好的地区生态环境质量降低；4城镇用地与工矿用地对区域生态环境的影响表现出与城市用地总体基本一致的规律，但农村居民点则对生态环境正、负两方面影响都较为显著；5 城市用地扩展对区域生态环境的影响也体现出与城市用地总体类似的区域分异特征；而城市用地收缩的影响则与此趋势相反。

Results indicate that China's terrestrial ecosystems can be divided into 683 types, 135 of which are of high priority, including 75 forest ecosystems, 27 wetland ecosystems, 8 shrub ecosystems, 12 steppe ecosystems, 6 meadow ecosystems and 7 desert ecosystems.

结果表明，我国683类陆地生态系统中有优先保护生态系统类型有135类，其中森林生态系统75类，湿地生态系统27类，灌丛生态系统8类，草原生态系统12类，草甸生态系统6类，荒漠生态系统7类。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了