生叶

Scalelike leaves present; leaves developing after anthesis, petiole narrow, leaf blade distinct.

存在的鳞片状叶；叶发育的在花后，叶柄缩小，叶片离生。

Leaves alternate, sessile, fleshy; lower leaves linear, semiterete; upper leaves narrowly elliptic, flattened.

叶互生，无梗，肉质；下部叶线形，半圆柱形；上部叶片狭椭圆形，扁平。

Koyama (1960) divided Smilax into six sections according to inflorescence and prophylla etc., and defined the sect. Macranthae as with raceme of one to many umbels, defined sect. Smilax as with umbels sessile on elongate. If it is only one umbel, the peduncle has a node or prophylla at the base. After researching on most literatures on Smilacaceae in different floras, observing most of Smilax specimens in the world .

Koyama(1960)对东南亚产的菝葜属做了详细的分类学研究，根据花序类型、先出叶等特点将菝葜属划分为6个组，并将具有一至多个伞形花序排列成圆锥花序的一系列种定义为圆锥菝葜组或花序无梗定义为穗菝葜组，认为若是单个伞形花序腋生，则在总花梗下部必定具一关节或具一枚先出叶。

Result:The stomatic density and characteristic of leaf epidermis and stem epidermis in six Ephedra species was differenc,there were no ob...

结果：6种麻黄属植物之间气孔密度、茎、叶表面特征存在不同程度的差异；气孔表现出典型旱生植物的特征，略下陷，气孔保卫细胞被厚的角质层覆盖，并形成突起状角质唇状物；气孔大小、形状在种之间无明显区别；叶表面、茎表面气孔均属于无规则型，但形状明显不同，前者主要呈长方形或六边形，后者为窄条形或哑铃形。

Result:The stomatic density and characteristic of leaf epidermis and stem epidermis in six Ephedra species was differenc,there were no obvious morphological differences in stoma shape and size.

结果：6种麻黄属植物之间气孔密度、茎、叶表面特征存在不同程度的差异；气孔表现出典型旱生植物的特征，略下陷，气孔保卫细胞被厚的角质层覆盖，并形成突起状角质唇状物；气孔大小、形状在种之间无明显区别；叶表面、茎表面气孔均属于无规则型，但形状明显不同，前者主要呈长方形或六边形，后者为窄条形或哑铃形。

Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate to subulate, 5--7(--10) X 0.7--2 mm, base slightly dilated, submembranous, leathery, glabrous or sparsely pubescent on margin, margin cartilaginous, apex acuminate, cartilaginous; midvein raised abaxially.

叶无柄 线状披针形的到钻形， 5-7(-10)X 0.7-2毫米，背面中脉突起花葶单生，1或2花，在毫米，在叶内隐藏，具长柔毛；苞片1或2，裂片三角形，具缘毛，先端锐尖；脉5，不明显。

Stipules gradually deciduous, triangular, 1-2 mm, membranous; petiole often unequal in length, 0.5-7 cm; leaf blade dark green or green blue, ovate, lanceolate, or obovate-oblong, asymmetric, unequal or equal in size, 1-15 × 0.6-5 cm, thinly papery or submembranous, 3(or 5)-veined, lateral veins many, irregularly reticulate, external secondary veins anastomosing by margin, sometimes inconspicuous, cystoliths finely fusiform, conspicuous adaxially, base obliquely rounded or subcordate, sometimes cuneate, margin entire or sometimes undulate, apex shortly or long caudate-acuminate. Inflorescences solitary; male inflorescence a cymose panicle or racemelike, often longer than leaves; female cymes as long as or shorter than leaves, pedunculate.

逐渐落叶，三角形的托叶，1-2毫米，膜；叶柄通常不等长，0.5-7厘米；蓝色的深绿色的叶片或绿色，卵形，，或倒卵形长圆形，不对称，不等长或大小相等， 1-15 * 0.6-5 厘米，薄纸质的或近膜质， 3(或5)脉，侧脉很多，不规则网状，外部次脉网结的在边缘，有时不明显花序单生；雄花序一总状花序状的密伞圆锥花序或，通常长于叶；雌性聚伞花序等长或短于叶，有花序梗。

"Juvenile leaves are needlelike; mature leaves are awl-shaped, spreading, and arranged in pairs or in whorls of three."

幼叶呈针状，成熟叶呈锥状，成对或3叶轮生。

Leaves and petioles glabrous or leaves abaxially clustered hairy in vein axils; petals present or absent

叶和叶柄无毛的或叶背面簇生有毛的在脉腋；花瓣宿存或无 14

Herbs perennial; annual growth modules consisting of 2-4 cataphylls, 1 or 2 foliage leaves, and a terminal flower.

多年生草本一年生草本由2-4芽苞叶，1或2营养叶和一顶生的花组成。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。