生叶

Since curly leaf hybrid could be recognized at early stage,and displayedobvious dwarfness,choosing"Zha′ai 76"as paternal parent not only raised thehybrid-selecting efficiency from the pollinated progenies,but also raised thebreeding efficiency of apomctc dwarf roostock of apple.

鉴别宽叶型杂种较难、需时较长(2-3年生时)并需与染色体倍性鉴定法相结合，因其形态变化较小而生长势又与平邑甜茶无融合生殖苗无明显差异；鉴别光叶型杂种因父本染色体组的影响加大而从形态上容易些，但也需过氧化物同工酶法或染色体倍性鉴定法相配合；皱叶型杂种因在苗期刚出1-2片真叶时就表现明显的标志性状、能从叶片形态上准确鉴别出来，毋须染色体倍性鉴定等复杂方法；因皱叶型杂种能早期鉴别，又表现明显的矮生性，因而选用"扎矮76"做父本不仅大大提高了平邑甜茶授粉后代中选择杂种的效率，而且提高了苹果无融合生殖型实生矮砧育种的效率。

The differentiation states of costae indicates the ways they absorb and transport water, and their ability adapting to the dry conditions, which was elucidated by the following examples: Brachythecium plumosum, because of its thin cell-walls in the costae and the absence of hydrome, assistant and steroid cells, can absorb water and nutrition under shady and moist conditions; Plagiomnium rostratum, though often grows in shady and wet condition, has hydrome and steroid cells, a feature similar to those of xeric mosses, which endows it to grow in the conditions with periodical drought stress during its life cycle; Hygrohypnum luridum is characterized by its slender leaves with only one layer of cells, the thin cell-walls, the absence of filaments on the leaf surface, and the fewer layer cells in the costae, the absence of hydrome and steroid cells. These features make it adaptable to aquatic environments. For Pogonatum inflexum and Atrichum undulatum, their ventral surfaces covered with lamella, while for Racomitrium japonicum, Thuidium cymbifolium, Macromitrium ferriei, Diphyscium fulvifolium, Barbula unguiculata and Ceratodon purpureus, their leaves are strongly mammillose or papillos. Such appendiculate structures made them adaptable to thy conditions.

例如，荫湿生环境下的羽枝青藓Brachythecium plumosum，其中肋细胞胞壁较薄，无导水主细胞和副细胞的分化，也没有厚壁细胞分化，能够在阴湿环境下吸收水分和养分；钝叶匍灯藓Plagiomnium rostratum具有与旱生藓类植物相似的中肋结构，叶片较厚，中肋具导水主细胞，中肋背面具厚壁细胞，这些特点使该种藓类植物能够分布于间隙性干旱胁迫的环境中；水灰藓Hygrohypnum luridum叶片纤细柔弱，仅1层细胞，细胞胞壁薄，叶表无附属结构，中肋细胞层数少，无导水主细胞分化，也没有厚壁细胞，这些特点使得水灰藓'能够生长在水生环境中；东亚小金发藓Pogonatum inflerum和波叶仙鹤藓Atrichum undulatum的叶腹面覆盖着栉片，东亚砂藓Racomitrium japonicum、大羽藓Thuidium cymbifolium、福氏蓑藓Macromitrium ferriei、东亚短颈藓Diphyscium fuhifolium、扭口藓Barbula unguiculata和角齿藓Ceratodon purpureus的叶片表面有乳头状突起或疣状物，这些附属结构使它们能够适应于旱生的环境中。

Leaves simple, usually alternate, rarely opposite or verticillate, sometimes crowded at apices of branches; stipules usually small and caducous, sometimes larger, leaflike and persistent, rarely absent; petiole generally present, sometimes with apex 2-glandular and/or with additional glands along petiole length; leaf blade usually pinnate-veined, sometimes 3-5-veined from base or palmate-veined, with or without pellucid dots or lines, sometimes with a pair of glands at junction of blade and petiole, margin entire or toothed, teeth glandular or not. Inflorescences axillary, terminal, or cauliflorous, of various forms: racemose, spicate, cymose, corymbose, or paniculate, sometimes flowers fasciculate, or solitary; pedicels often articulate; bracts and bracteoles usually small to minute.

单叶，通常互生，很少对生或轮生，有时在枝端簇生；托叶通常小并且早落，有时大，叶状并且宿存，很少无；叶柄通常存在，有时先端有2个腺体，或沿着叶柄有腺体；叶片通常羽状脉，有时基部3-5出脉或掌状脉，有或无透明小圆点或线，花序腋生，顶生，或者茎生，或多种形式：总状，穗状，聚伞状，伞房状，或者圆锥状，有时花束状，或者单生；花梗通常有节；苞片和小苞片通常小到微小。

Leaves alternate, distichous or spirally arranged, sessile or petiolate; leaf sheath prominent, open or closed; leaf blade simple, entire. Inflorescence usually of cincinni in panicles or solitary, sometimes shortened into heads, sometimes sessile with flowers fascicled, sometimes axillary and penetrating enveloping leaf sheath, rarely flowers solitary and terminal or axillary.

叶互生，二列或者螺旋状排列，无柄或者有柄；叶鞘显著，开放或者闭合；单叶，全缘；花序通常为蝎尾状圆锥花序或者单花，有时缩短常为头状花序，有时无梗，花簇生，有时腋生，贯穿叶鞘，很少花单生，顶生或腋生。

Unifoliate opposite, rich change is simple, xiecheng grows elliptic or long ellipse to wrap around needle form, acute of account of end of end of blade is pointed, the leaf carries dot having gland on the back, xie Changyao 4 to 4.5 centimeter, xie Kuan is made an appointment with 1.2 to 1.5 centimeter; Get together unripe or 繖 inflorescence armpit is very unripe, grey is lubricious, petaline 3 reach 4, the brim has fluff, stamen is most; Berry is shown globose, mature moment can turn by green for black.

单叶对生。富革质，叶呈长椭圆形或长椭圆披针形，叶端尾状锐尖，叶背有腺点，叶长约4至4.5公分，叶宽约1.2至1.5公分；聚繖花序腋生或顶生，花白色，花瓣3至4枚，边缘具有茸毛，雄蕊多数；浆果呈球形，成熟时候会由绿色转为黑色。

Soft branch yellow cicada is oleander division constant green half erect bush, xie Chang is elliptic, long 8-11 centimeter, wide 2-4.5 centimeter, opposite or 3-5 impeller are unripe, bud evil on Xie Duo is verticillate, xie Quanyuan, spend yellow, canister shape 5 crack, interior has amaranth streak, racemose move is born in the coping of new tip, florescence 6 one in October.

软枝黄蝉为夹竹桃科常绿半竖立灌木，叶长椭圆形，长8-11厘米，宽2-4.5厘米，对生或3-5叶轮生，萌孽条上叶多为轮生，叶全缘，花黄色，筒状五裂，内部有紫红色条纹，总状花序着生在新梢的顶部，花期6一10月。

Any of numerous plants of the genus Penstemon, native to North America and eastern Asia, having opposite leaves, flowers with a usually two-lipped, variously colored corolla, and capsules containing many seeds.

钓钟''。'柳'。''属一种源于北美和东亚的长有对生叶和双唇形''。'花'。''及多色花冠和子荚孢的钓钟''。'柳'。''属植物

Radical leaves in summer larger than those in spring, usually present in winter; leaf blade to 6-7 × 6-7 cm.

基生叶在春天的比春天的大，在冬天的通常宿存；叶片达 6-7 * 6-7 厘米。

Herbs annual,(5-)10-30 cm tall, densely hispid basally with exclusively simple trichomes to 3 mm, these mixed on other parts with much smaller, short-stalked, forked trichomes.

一年生草本，(5-)10-30厘米高，基生叶不莲座状。

Basal leaf blade 6-15 mm, broadly obovate, broadly ovate, or broadly rhomboid-ovate; staminodes 2-lobed, posterior lobes 2- or 3-lobed

基生叶6-15毫米，宽倒卵形，宽卵形，或者宽斜方形卵形；退化雄蕊2裂，在后的耳垂2或3裂 11 P。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。