瓦特

And indeed Wolfgang directed little of merit himself, though he invited distinguished conductors and directors to Bayreuth—none of whom was allowed to establish a foothold there.

他保护了家族的财产，并订了一条规矩就是：拜罗伊特的掌门人一定要是瓦格纳家族的成员。

When need be, he even created new instruments and edifices—he invented the Wagner tuba, and, in the 1870s, built his own opera house, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, just to get the sounds he wanted.

当有需要的时候，他甚至发明新的乐器和建筑——他发明了瓦格纳大号，在1870年代又建了他自己的歌剧院，拜罗伊特节日剧院——只为了得到他想要的声音。

THE new production of's "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg" at Bayreuth this summer was a job application.

这个夏天，拜罗依特音乐节上演的《纽伦堡的名歌手》被喻为是凯瑟琳瓦格纳为继承家族事业尔正式递交的求职意向书。

The Bayreuth performances also produced an invitation to appear at the Metropolitan where she made her debut as Sieglinde in Die Walküre.

由于拜罗伊特的超精彩演出，于是便产生制作了一份来自美国歌剧胜地大都会歌剧院邀请她登台献演的邀请函，在那儿她也是以瓦格纳超级四联歌剧《尼柏隆根的魔指环》之二《女武神》中的首要女主角"齐格琳德"作为其大都会首演的登台曲目。

German Chancellor Angela Merkel, her husband Joachim Sauer and his son Daniel, had the media spotlight shone heavily on them when they arrived in Bayreuth for the opening of the Richard Wagner Opera Festival last weekend in one of the family's rare joint public appearances.

德国"第一家庭"很少在公众场合一起露面，因此德国总理默克尔和丈夫约阿希姆·绍尔及继子丹尼尔·绍尔上周末一同出席拜伊罗特著名的理查德·瓦格纳音乐节时，引起媒体极大关注。

In 1941,George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum showed that mutations in genes caused errors in certain steps in metabolic pathways.

1941年，乔治威尔斯比德尔和爱德华拉瓦瑞塔特姆表明，基因突变造成的错误，在某些步骤代谢途径。

That may be the first instance of sanctions failing, but there are plenty of more recent cases. In the 20th century they were used ever more often, especially by American presidents and lawmakers. Franklin Roosevelt tried sanctions on Japan in 1940. Dwight Eisenhower smacked them on Britain in 1956 to end the Suez venture. Jimmy Carter punished the Soviet Union after its invasion of Afghanistan in 1980 with a wheat embargo and an Olympic boycott. Ronald Reagan imposed them in protest at martial law in Poland. Congress, too, came to see sanctions as an easy, cheap way of expressing ire. In 1996, for example, Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Panama, Vanuatu and Venezuela were all under American embargo for beastliness to whales or dolphins.

这也许是历史上第一次制裁失败的实例，但近年来的例子却不胜枚举。20世纪，人们越加频繁的使用制裁手段，美国的总统和立法者们对此更是情有独钟。1940年，罗斯福制裁日本；1956年，艾森豪威尔为解决苏伊士运河危机对英国实施制裁；1980年，为惩罚苏联入侵阿富汗，卡特决定对苏联实施小麦禁运并抵制当年在莫斯科举办的奥运会；里根为抗议波兰颁布《军管法》而制裁波兰；美国国会也将之视为一个表达愤怒的便捷之径。1996年，伯利兹、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、意大利、日本、墨西哥、巴拿马、瓦努阿图和委内瑞拉因他们猎杀鲸鱼和海豚的残忍行为而遭到美国制裁。

Franklin Roosevelt tried sanctions on Japan in 1940. Dwight Eisenhower smacked them on Britain in 1956 to end the Suez venture. Jimmy Carter punished the Soviet Union after its invasion of Afghanistan in 1980 with a wheat embargo and an Olympic boycott. Ronald Reagan imposed them in protest at martial law in Poland. Congress, too, came to see sanctions as an easy, cheap way of expressing ire. In 1996, for example, Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Panama, Vanuatu and Venezuela were all under American embargo for beastliness to whales or dolphins.

1940年，罗斯福制裁日本；1956年，艾森豪威尔为解决苏伊士运河危机对英国实施制裁；1980年，为惩罚苏联入侵阿富汗，卡特决定对苏联实施粮食禁运并抵制当年在莫斯科举办的奥运会；里根为抗议波兰颁布《军管法》而制裁波兰；美国国会也将之视为一个表达愤怒的便捷之径。1996年，伯利兹、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、意大利、日本、墨西哥、巴拿马、瓦努阿图和委内瑞拉因他们猎杀鲸鱼和海豚的残忍行为而遭到美国制裁。

Hubert Givenchy was born in 1927 in a small town of Beauvais, France.

1927年，休伯特·纪梵希生于法国小镇波瓦。

Henry Ward Beecher a 19th century minister wrote Of all man's works of art a cathedral is the greatest.

一位19世纪的牧师亨利瓦尔特贝彻写道，所有男人的工作是艺术的创造者，大教拭当属是最伟大的。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。