理论概率

By means of proposing a priori Markovian transition probability used in the model predictive probability in input synthesize, the IMM estimation algorithm not only utilizes the sufficiency system's posteriori information, but also utilizes rationally the system's priori information, which enhances estimation performance highly Theoretical analysis and simulation show the IMM algorithm is one of the most cost-effective schemes in all generalized pseudo Bayesian algorithms.

IMM估计方法通过在用于输入综合的模型预测概率中引入一个马尔可夫先验转移概率，使得IMM估计不但充分地利用了系统的后验信息，而且合理地利用了系统的先验信息，从而大大地提高了估计的精度和性能。理论分析和仿真结果表明：IMM估计方法是各种广义伪贝叶斯算法中性能最优的一种自适应估计算法。

This paper introduces Monte Carlo method to evaluate the effect of dipping sonar searching algorithm for submarine combining with army's aviation antisubmarine.

引入蒙特卡罗法对吊放声纳搜潜方法进行效能评估，以概率和统计理论方法得出其搜索概率作为评定吊放声纳搜潜方法效能的指标。

The closed-form formula and its asymptotic form of system outage probability are derived, through which it is shown that the outage probability decreased by a factor of γ-KNtNr here γ denotes the average SNR

理论推导出中断概率的闭式解及其近似解，通过该近似解，可以得到中断概率以γ-KNtNr 的形式减少这里γ是平均信噪比SNR

The main contributions in this area are summarized as follows,? The closed-form formula and its asymptotic form of system outageprobability are derived, through which it is shown that the outage probability decreased by a factor ofγ~(hereγdenotes the average SNR);? The closed-form formula of outage capacity is derived, through which weshow that 1 outage capacity increases with the increases of mean value of sytem SNR, and decreases with the increase of the variance of system average SNR; 2 in order to obtain higher outage capacity, the number of transmit antenna should be no more than that of receive antennas.?

特别的，针对多用户发送天线选择／最大比合并系统，主要贡献总结如下：·理论推导出中断概率的闭式解及其近似解，通过该近似解，可以得到中断概率以γ~的形式减少(这里γ是平均信噪比SNR)·推导出平均中断容量的闭式表达式，研究表明：1中断容量随着有效平均SNR的均值的增加而增加，随着有效平均SNR的方差的增大而减小；2为了获得更高的中断容量，发送天线的数目应当不大于接收天线的数目。

Therefore,in order to simplify the proving process of these inequalities.Though reading a lot of relevant resource,we begin with the basic concept of math,and use an ingenious way――probabilistic method, which means that according to the main features of inequality theory,combining the basic concepts and formulas of probability,through creating one suitable probability model,giving some concrete meanings of random events or random variables,proving through probability theory,we discuss the Cauchy inequality,Class inequality,Jensen inequality,and several common inequality's proofs.

因此，为了简化这些不等式的证明过程，通过阅读大量的相关资料，本文从数学的基本概念入手，运用了1种巧妙的方法——概率方法，即根据不等式的主要特征，结合概率论的1些基本概念和公式，通过建立1个适当的概率模型，赋以1些随机事件或随机变量的具体含义，再利用概率论的理论加以证明，讨论了柯西不等式，级数不等式，詹森不等式和几个1般不等式的证明。

The measurement system error model analysis is introduced into power system real time network state analysis as an important part for the first time, which can improve on the state estimation quality and provide the capability to monitor the operation of the measurement system; 2. The theory and algorithm of the on-line estimation and update of measurement noise variance based on the relation between the residual variance and noise variance. The statistic properties of the sample variance are discussed and the relation between the estimation precision and sample size under given confidence level is derived; 3. The theory and algorithm of detection and identification of measurement bias are presented, which is based on the relation between residual mean and noise mean. The statistic properties of sample mean are discussed and the relation between estimation precision and sample size is derived; 4. The Givens orthogonal transformation algorithm is selected to be the essential algorithm of state estimation, the fast orthogonal transformation algorithm with damp factor and the algorithm which can handle the zero injection measurements efficiently are presented; 5. The quantity analysis theory of bad data detectivity and identifibility are presented, which describes the relation between the elements in matrix W〓 and bad data amplitude and can provide the theory base for measurement system design and valuation.

一、首次将量测系统误差模型分析做为一个环节引入电力系统实时网络状态分析中，为EMS系统增加了实时监视系统运行、修正量测系统误差模型的新功能，进一步发挥了实时网络状态分析应用软件的潜力；二、首次提出了应用样本方差在线估计与修正量测系统误差方差的基本理论，讨论了样本方差的统计性质和概率分布，推导出了样本容量、估计精度和置信度之间的关系，给出了在线估计与修正量测系统误差方差的算法；三、首次提出了应用样本均值在线检测与辨识量测偏差的基本理论，讨论了样本均值的统计性质，推导了样本容量、估计精度和置信度之间的基本关系，给出了在线检测与辨识量测偏差的算法；四、在状态估计算法设计中，以Givens变换算法做为基本算法，提出了快速正交变换阻尼因子法和可以有效地处理零注入量测的混合法，并对实时应用中的一些问题进行了讨论；五、提出了不良数据可检测性与可辨识性的定量分析理论，揭示了描述量测系统配置、网络结构与参数的残差灵敏度矩阵中的元素与不良数据的幅值在可检测、可辨识能力上的定量关系，为量测系统配置设计与评价提供了理论基础；六、综合国内外最新研究成果，采用自适应自回归预测技术和稀疏矢量技术，构造了较完善的不良数据检测与辨识算法。

During the study of incidence calculus theory, we firstly clarified original incidence calculus and the probabilistic reasoning mechanism on it. We then introduced the improvement of generalized incidence calculus theory proposed by Liu~[18], which establishes incidence calculus theory on Lukasiewiczs three valued logic.

本文首先阐述了原始的发生率计算理论及其上的概率推理机制，然后引入Liu对该理论的改进，以Lukasiewicz三值逻辑为基础，并提出了这个扩展的理论与证据理论之间的等价关系。

This thesis Starts with theory analysis and practical analysis of the commercial circles, it has although explained the in herent related of commercial circles with advancing type relation of industry's theories, effect theory of the tiny drop, value chain theory, polarize the effect theory. It has introducted Riley's rule, Haffs probability rule and Hotaily's model, and regarded it as a tool to analyses the appeal of the trade circles. The thesis has analyzed the demand state, competition state, development potentiality, radiate strength of the trade circles, the place choosing of the trade circles, scale and function analysis, and advantage of the trade company in the trade circles.

本论文从商圈的理论分析和实务分析入手，阐述了商圈与推进型产业理论、涓滴效应理论、价值链理论和极化效应理论的内在关联，引进了赖利法则、哈夫概率法则和豪泰林模型作为对商圈吸引力进行分析的有效工具，从需求状况分析、竞争状况分析、发展潜力分析、商圈辐射力分析、商圈的选点、规模和功能分析以及商圈中的商家优势分析几个角度对商圈进行了实务分析。

In order to solve dynamic, complicated and uncertain problems, multi-agents based distributed intelligence decision support systems, description and decomposition of complicated decision tasks, and cooperation and reasoning among multi-agents are elaborated in this paper. The details are given as follows. 1. Agent and ABDIDSS modelsIn allusion to the current problems of research on agents theory models, payoff and probability factors are introduced on the basis of mental state models of classical BDI of agent and joint BDI of multi-agents in this paper, mental state models of individual agents and joint metal state models of group agents based on payoff and probability factors are built up. Introducing payoff and probability factors satisfies requirements of uncertainty and self-benefit of agents to the environments.

本文针对动态的、复杂的以及不确定问题，以基于多Agents的分布式智能决策支持系统及复杂决策任务的描述与分解、多Agents之间的协作与推理机制为研究内容，具体的研究内容如下： 1、Agent和ASDIDSS模型针对当前多Agents理论模型研究存在的问题，文章在经典Agent的BDI以及联合BDI等心智状态模型基础上引入效用与概率因子，建立基于效用与概率因子的个体Agent的心智状态模型以及群组Agent联合心智状态模型，引入效用与概率因子满足Agent对环境的不确定性以及自利性的要求。

Analyzing the unsureness of the probability of the fault of gravely risk equipments inpetrochemical corporation, introduced fuzzy theory, bring forward expressing the probabilityby fuzzy number, to reduce the difficulty of getparms, and studying the subjection function toget the result more scientific and exactler.

分析了石化企业重大危险设备事故发生概率的不确定性，引入了模糊数学的基本理论，提出用模糊数表示事件的发生概率，以减小获取事件发生概率精确值的难度，并对重大危险设备的隶属函数进行了研究，使结果描述更加科学、准确。

I am accused of being overreligious," she said in her quiet, frank manner,"but that does not prevent me thinking the children very cruel who obstinately commit such suicide.""

客人们在卡罗利娜·埃凯家里，举止就文雅一些，因为卡罗利娜的母亲治家很严厉。

Designed by French fashion house Herm è s, this elegant uniform was manufactured in our home, Hong Kong, and was the first without a hat.

由著名品牌 Herm è s 设计，这件高贵的制服是香港本土制造，是我们第一套不配帽子的制服。