理论

The development of the forecast models shows that the foreign forecast models evolved from monocyclic ones to multi-cyclic ones emphasized the models'vertical development,whereas Chinese models such as the Weng's model and many others emphasized their horizontal development.

摘要追溯了石油峰值理论的起源，对国内外一系列关于石油峰值理论模型的定量研究表明，石油峰值理论模型大体有3种类型：①基于生命有限体系的生命模型；②基于概率论和统计学理论的随机模型；③基于生产实践和理论推理的广义数学模型。

This article first analyze the general theory of legal responsibiltiy from nomological aspect, build the basic frame of economic law "responsibility theory" based on law responsibility. Through expatiating the concept、character、element and type of economic law responsibility, the article aims to break the sorting limit of traditional "responsibilty theory" and show the speciality of economic law responsibility. Through analyzing two theories of economic law responsibility deeply, it provides theory security for the independence of economic law responsibility. It further shows that establishing the independence of economic law responsibility is the requirement of economic law's development and improvement, is the requirement of adapting the new situation and regulating market economy system, is the foundation of buliding commonweal litigation system and punishing the illegal body.

本文首先从法理的角度分析了法律责任的一般理论，并以法律责任为剖析原型构建经济法责任理论的基本框架，通过对经济法责任的概念、特征、构成要素及类型的具体阐述，力图打破传统责任理论划分的局限性，以求凸现经济法责任的独特性；通过对经济法责任的两大理论基础的深入分析，为经济法责任的独立性提供理论保障；进而表明确立经济法责任的独立地位是经济法发展和完善的要求，是适应新形式、规范市场经济秩序的需要，是建立经济公益诉讼机制、有效追究经济违法主体责任的前提和基础。

This chapter, by using the theory of public interests of the government control, control-capture theory, the theoretical model of the government control, the minimum government control theory construed the basic contents covered by the government control, and discussed the interactivity and the nonnegligible effects of the government control and the industrial development model. Theses theories provide the convictive constructions to some practical economic problems that cannot be satisfactorily constructed by the traditional economic theories. Thus it makes possible for us to look on the reasons for control rules formulated by the government and some other institutional problems in the industrial evolvement, and analyze the costs of the government control and the restrictive factors and significances of the institutional changes whereof in a never-before-used angle.

第二章分别从政府管制的公共利益论、管制俘获理论、政府管制的理论模型、最小政府管制理论等方面解释了政府管制所涵盖的基本内容，探讨了政府管制与产业发展模式之间的的相互关联和不可忽视的影响，这些理论对许多传统的经济理论难于很好地解释的经济现实问题给予了具有说服力的解释，使我们能够以新的视角来看待产业演进中由政府建立管制规则的理由和其他一些制度问题，分析政府管制的成本及其制度变革的制约因素和意义。

Firstly the traditional taxation theory finds its root in Confucianism with the objective of "Equality and Supporting All", then it analyzes the development of taxation thoughts in all ages of China, the physiocratic school and the classic school in the West by following the prescribed order, and finally it describes the theory of user fees and substantial taxation.

本章将论及土地增值税及工程受益费的理论体系，传统赋税理论最早探源於儒家思想，「均富」、「养民」等富国济世的目标，再就中国历代的赋税思想及西方国家重农学派、古典理论学派等理论按部就班之演绎过程加以评析，并就使用者付费、实质课税理论加以叙述。

The second chapter analyses theories of Islamic Revolution and Islamic Republic. Khomeini's theory is to establish Islamic government ruled by Faqih, his theory is progressive and conservative, rational and lopsided, religious and popularist, of extremism and moderation.

阿里·阿里亚梯的理论深受马列主义和社会主义影响，是第三世界反帝反封建的革命理论；纳瓦布·萨法维的理论是保守而偏激的伊斯兰原教旨主义理论；巴扎尔甘的理论明显接受西方资产阶级的自由、民主、平等、博爱的思想。

The main topics of the forum are: how to face our own issues and shift to theoretical originality,abandoning the so-called "originality overgeneralization" phenomenon of depending on western issues and engrafting eastern and western theories together;how to deepen the researches on the difficulties and questions about theoretical originality and how to implement the theoretical originality at the practical level without prating about it in the academic circle.

如何面对中国自己的问题走向理论原创，摆脱当前理论界依附西方问题和嫁接中西理论的所谓&创新泛化&现象，如何深化理论原创的一些难点和疑点、并将理论原创落实到实践层面，告别理论界空谈理论创新的现象，是本论坛讨论的热点话题。会议汇集文、哲、法各界著名学者讨论人文社会科学共同的基本观念和思维方式的&中国化改造&问题，在学术界尚属首次。

This article is quadrifid. Firstly, it introduces the correlation theory of distance learning. Secondly, it mostly analyzes the theoretic foundation of the le...

本文分四大部分，首先介绍了远程教育的相关理论；然后重点分析了远程教学中网络学习环境设计的理论基础：三大学习理论、教学模式、学生的交互方式等，以及如何在此理论指导下设计出适合学生自身特点的学习环境，并提出了新的组织框架；在第三部分中我结合以上理论分析设计了《模拟电子线路》课程学习与测试系统，分别从它的必要性、功能分析、系统设计、具体实现等几方面进行了详细的阐述；最后一部分是对全文的总结。

Our study is based on the Guangzhou city. Based on the domestic and foreign research of village in the city, we analyze the cause of formation of village in the city by suburb urbanization theory, city integration theory, resident environment theory, dual-structure theory and sustainable development theory. Contraposing the type and reconstructional situation of Guangzhou village in the city, we probe into the problems and the necessity of the reconstruction of Guangzhou village in the city. Meanwhile we give out some methods and countermeasures of the reconstruction of village in the city.

本文以广州市为研究区域，在综述国内外对城中村问题研究的基础上，运用郊区城市化理论、城乡一体化理论、人居环境理论、二元结构理论和可持续发展理论，分析城中村形成的原因，针对广州市城中村的类型、改造现状等情况，探讨广州市城中村存在的问题及改造的必要性，并由此提出了城中村改造的思路和对策。

Therefore, it can be regarded as a great improvement of the investment decision-making theory and methods .This article makes a systematic research on real options theory and method and its application, including the following several main aspects:Firstly, it makes a detailed discussion about the common theoretical basis of financial options and real options, including no-arbitrage equilibrium principle, risk-neutral definition, complete market and dynamic tracking.Secondly, it analyze three basic characteristic of investment decision-making in modern market economic system: irreversibility, uncertainty and flexibility, and from the angle of their mutual quantitative and qualitative interactions, it makes a comparison between the traditional NPV methods and real options methods and makes a summary of the general analytical methods of real options.Thirdly, it discusses the all elements in the application of real options such as the ^leakages in value of real assets, basis risk, and private risk, and furthermore, it attempts to put forth a normalized strategy of its application and construct a basic framework of its application.Fourthly, it applies real options theory to strategetic investment of enterprises and the buy-out of company, putting forth a value model for strategetic investment program and making a concrete analysis of its application to buy-out. Furthermore, it advocates that a flexible investment decision-making system should be setup according to real options theory in our country.

本文对实物期权理论和方法及其应用进行了系统研究，主要内容包括如下几个方面：(1)详细讨论了金融期权和实物期权共同的理论基础，主要包括无套利均衡原理、风险中性定义、完全市场以及动态复制方法，对这些理论方法的探讨既是本文的出发点和基础，它们提供了研究实际应用实物期权的一个基准点，也是贯穿全文的线索和灵魂；(2)分析了现代市场经济体系中投资决策的三个基本特征即不可逆性、不确定性和时机选择，并从它们数量上和质量上相互作用的重要意义的角度，分析了传统的净现值法与实物期权方法的差异，指出了净现值法在不确定环境中存在的缺陷及实物期权处理投资灵活性的价值，并将净现值法纳入实物期权投资分析决策体系当中，总结了企业投资决策实物期权的一般分析方法；(3)探讨了实物期权应用中要考虑的各种要素，如实物资产的价值漏损、基差风险和非市场风险等，并进一步提出了实物期权应用的规范化策略和构建了一个实际应用实物期权方法的基本框架，尝试将期权的基本原理与企业在现实经济环境中投资决策的要素结合起来，从而可以在一定程度上超越期权的复杂的数学计算而汲取期权思想的精华，从而促进期权决策方法在实际投资决策中的应用；(4)将实物期权方法应用于企业战略投资，得出了战略投资项目的价值模型，指出可以将实物期权理论和方法应用于企业并购，分析了应用的具体方面，并提出应根据实物期权理论建立一套适合我国企业的灵活的投资决策系统。

Called self-learning plan will be fully introduced. Theorically,the research lays the support in learning to study, self-study and learning creative theory and makes use of the similarities of the study step .And it also covers the further arrangement of theory and emphasizes the guidance of every detail in the learning steps.

从理论上，本研究以学会学习、自主学习和学会创新等理论为支撑，利用这些理论对学习环节等方面描述的共同之处，将涉及到的理论进一步梳理，提高这些理论对学习各环节的指导意义。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。