理解

This paper discusses the contradictive situation between the importance of listening comprehension in English teaching and learning in senior high school and students'poor ability of listening comprehension.

本论文讨论了高中英语教学中听力理解的重要性和学生听力理解能力普遍低下两者间的现实矛盾并提出假设：背景知识是否是影响高中生的英语听力理解能力的一个因素？

Be comprehended as the God,a parent,a relative,or human's diligency and perseverance in the pursuit of a better future,the

理解为上帝，可以理解为父母亲人，也可以理解为人灵魂深处为了更好未来的坚韧和毅力，就算历经再多艰难也要坚持的一种精神。

The first half of the chapter begins with the introduction of three common viewpoints over the two kinds of theories, followed by deep investigation and description of some biased nature in them, then comes up with the conclusion that we must draw a clear distinction between what was said by Marx himself and what has long been accepted as dogmatical statements. The later half of chapter introduces various understandings to the theory of three social orders evoked by the discussion of economic social formation, points out the drawbacks of and the author"s disproval to the idea that economic social formation only exists in a definite historical period. This chapter is to deepen the understanding of Marx" theory of three social orders through the discussion of the other two important theories related to it.

首先介绍了迄今为止在&三形态说&和&五形态说&的讨论中出现的三种基本观点，并分别对这些观点加以反思，通过反思指出了这几种观点中存在的一些偏颇之处，提出了在讨论三大社会形态理论和五种社会形态理论的相互关系时要对马克思本人的&五形态说&和传统的教条化的&五形态说&加以明确的区分；接着介绍了在讨论&经济的社会形态&这一范畴时所引发的对三大社会形态理论的不同理解，指出了把&经济的社会形态&理解为一种特定历史阶段的社会形态类型所产生的问题，反对把&经济的社会形态&理解为一种特定历史阶段的社会形态类型。

In this research, trying to clarify the inner relation of "theory and practice","situation and application" from the ontological context to comprehend the concept of application. Adopting historic context to understand "application" concept, elaborate the understanding of limited existence of human being, and prove the function of "application" concept is indeed revealed in the concept of effective-history. From the context of hermeneutics, particularly the concept of Aristotle's phronesis, to recover the original position of application concept. Lastly, from the concrete display of language of application concept to explore the revelation of truth in the dialectic of question and answer.

本研究尝试从存有论脉络出发理解应用概念，厘清「理论与实践」「处境与应用」之内在关连性；再进入历史性脉络来理解应用概念，阐述人作为一个历史有限性的存有之理解现象，说明了「应用」概念的功能正是在效应历史概念中被揭示出来；再从诠释学问题脉络，特别是亚理斯多德的「实践智慧」概念来恢复应用概念原有的地位；最后，从应用概念具体在语言中的呈现，探究在问答对话辩证中之真理彰显。

In particular, it is unknown how the relevant neural substrates function as a network to mediate perspective-taking during the task requiring understanding other's belief. The current work first developed a new psychological paradigm that excludes potential confounds such as the processing of language, biological motion, episodic memory and causal coherence in the paradigms used in previous studies. I recorded neural activities associated with mental inference task using functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography in order to investigate the functional roles of several brain areas (i.e. precuneus, MPFC, etc.) that engage in understanding other's belief. I also proposed a computational model based on the neuroimaging results that simulated the neurocognitive mechanism underlying cortical dynamics in correct judgment of other's belief.

本文首先发展了一个新的心理学实验范式，排除以往常用&错误信念&范式中与语言加工、生物运动、情景记忆及事件连续性和因果性等方面的混淆，采用功能磁共振成像（functional magnetic resonance imaging， fMRI）和脑电（Electroencephalography， EEG）时频分析等脑成像技术，记录与理解他人信念任务相关的神经活动，通过对行为和脑成像数据的分析，研究楔前叶和内侧前额叶等脑区在理解他人信念任务中的功能意义，并根据脑成像结果，提出一个基于自我和他人视角竞争的计算模型，模拟大脑在理解他人信念时做出正确决策时的认知神经机制。

The Wealth of Nations changed our understanding of the economic world just as Newton's Principia changed our understanding of the physical world and Darwin's Origin of Species.

国富论改变了我们对经济世界的理解，就像牛顿定律改变了我们对物理时间的理解，达尔文改变了我们对生活进化的理解。

The Wealth of Nations changed our understanding of the economic world just as Newton's Principia changed our understanding of the physical world and Darwin's Origin of Species.

国富论改变了我们对经济世界的理解，就像牛顿定律改变了我们对物理世界的理解，达尔文改变了我们对生物进化的理解。

The question's semantic comprehension model combines many natural language processing techniques, including Segmentation and Part-Of-Speech Tagging, the confirmation of the question type, the extarction of keywords and extending, the confirmation of the knowledge unit, Through these works, the intention of the user is holded, which greatly helped the last work of this system. The FAQ-based question similarity match model is implemented by sematic sentence similarity computation, which is improved by our system, this model can answer frequently-asked question fastly and concisely.The document warehouse-base automatic answer fetching model fistly deal with the document warehouse beforehand and construct inversed index, then use high efficient information retrieval model to search in the base and return some relevant documents, lastly, we use answer extraction technique to get the answer from these relevant documents and present it to users.

问句理解分析模块采用分词和词性标注、关键词提取及扩展、问句类型类别确定等自然语言理解技术，实现对用户提问意图的准确理解；FAQ 库问句匹配模块主要采用本系统改进的句子相似度计算方法来实现用户问句的解答，该模块主要用于实现用户常问问题的快速、准确解答；学科文档库答案自动获取模块在对学科文档库建立倒排索引的基础上，采用高效的信息检索模型对索引库进行检索，返回与用户查询表达式相似度较高的文档作为候选文档，针对从文档中直接获取答案难度较大这一问题，本系统采用答案抽取技术来实现问题的最终回答。

The thinkers in Song dynasty comprehended Tian and Tianli in a metaphysical way, separate the inevitable Tian from the sensate one, made a logical reason for the realizable world, and had a thorough grasp of both universal moral principle and political rationality.

两宋时期的思想家用形而上学的方式理解和把握了&天&与天道，把&必然之天&从可感意义上的&天&分离开来，为可感世界建构了一个逻辑的前提，从而在更抽象的水平上理解和把握了普遍的道德原则，也在更高的层次上理解和把握了政治的合理性。

A process, is supposed to be able to comprehence the movements of suprahuman, natural

陶东风试译：推论可以逻辑地或辩证地展开；在这两种情况下，它都涉及一种连贯一致的论证过程，由于这种论证是根据过程来思考的，所以，它被假定能够理解超人的、自然的或历史的过程的运动，理解是靠心智对&科学地&确立的运动法则的模仿——或逻辑地或辩证地——达到的，通过模仿的过程，理解和运动法则就被整合为一了。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。