球化

Tetraploid embryos could be produced by electrofusion at the stage of two-cell embryos, which could develop to blastocysts followed by fusion of cytoplasm and nucleus and cleavage in vitro. During the fusion of cytoplasm, the DNA methylation levels of the fused embryos are as high as these of two-cell diploid embryos in vivo Then the embryos are rapidly demethylated when the nucleus begin to fuse, resulting in the lowest DNA methylation levels when the nucleus are fused completely. After that, the DNA methylation levels of the fused embryos are gradually increased until the morula stage. However, whereas an asymmetric distribution of DNA methylation is established in vivo-derived blastocysts with a higher methylation level in the inner cell mass than that in the trophectoderm, we can not detect the asymmetric distribution in most in vitro-derived tetraploid blastocysts.

结果表明：利用电融合方法制备的小鼠四倍体胚胎在体外培养体系中经历细胞质融合、细胞核融合及细胞继续分裂发育直到囊胚期的过程，在细胞质融合的时候胚胎卵裂球同体内体外培养二倍体胚胎一样，呈现高度甲基化状态；在细胞核开始融合的时候，甲基化水平急速下降，在细胞核完全融合的时候甲基化水平达到最低点；随着胚胎继续分裂，胚胎甲基化水平逐渐增加，在桑葚胚期甲基化水平最高；但是囊胚期四倍体胚胎内细胞团同滋养层细胞甲基化荧光信号没有差别，这与体内体外培养二倍体囊胚内细胞团细胞甲基化荧光强度高于滋养层细胞甲基化荧光强度不同。

Tetraploid embryos could be produced by electrofusion at the stage of two-cell embryos, which could develop to blastocysts followed by fusion of cyto-plasm and nucleus and cleavage in vitro. During the fusion of cytoplasm, the DNA methylation levels of the fused embryos are as high as these of two-cell diploid embryos in vivo Then the embryos are rapidly demethylated when the nucleus begin to fuse, resulting in the lowest DNA methylation levels when the nucleus are fused completely. After that, the DNA methy-lation levels of the fused embryos are gradually increased until the morula stage. However, whereas an asymmetric distribu-tion of DNA methylation is established in vivo-derived blastocysts with a higher methylation level in the inner cell mass than that in the trophectoderm, we can not detect the asymmetric distribution in most in vitro-derived tetraploid blastocysts.

结果表明：利用电融合方法制备的小鼠四倍体胚胎在体外培养体系中经历细胞质融合、细胞核融合及细胞继续分裂发育直到囊胚期的过程，在细胞质融合的时候胚胎卵裂球同体内体外培养二倍体胚胎一样，呈现高度甲基化状态；在细胞核开始融合的时候，甲基化水平急速下降，在细胞核完全融合的时候甲基化水平达到最低点；随着胚胎继续分裂，胚胎甲基化水平逐渐增加，在桑葚胚期甲基化水平最高；但是囊胚期四倍体胚胎内细胞团同滋养层细胞甲基化荧光信号没有差别，这与体内体外培养二倍体囊胚内细胞团细胞甲基化荧光强度高于滋养层细胞甲基化荧光强度不同。

Tetraploid embryos could be produced by electrofusion at the stage of two-cell embryos, which could develop to blastcysts fellowed by fusion of cytoplasm and nucleus and cleavage in vitro.After fusion of cytoplasm, the DNA methylation levels of the fused embryos was very high as well as two-cell diploid embryos in vivo.Then the embryos was rapiddly demethylated when the nucleus begin to fuse, resulting the lowest DNA methylation levels when the nucleus fused completely.After that, the DNA methylation levels of fused embryos were gradually increased until the blastocysts stage.However, whereas an asymmetric distribution of DNA methylation was established in an vivo-derived blastocysts with a higher methylation level in the inner cell mass than in the trophectoderm, in most vitro-derived tetraploid blastocysts, we can not detect the asymmetric distribution.

结果表明：利用电融合方法制备的小鼠四倍体胚胎在体外培养体系中经历细胞质融合、细胞核融合及细胞继续分裂发育直到囊胚期的过程，在细胞质融合的时候胚胎卵裂球同体内体外培养二倍体胚胎一样，呈现高度甲基化状态；在细胞核开始融合的时候，甲基化水平急速下降，在细胞核完全融合的时候甲基化水平达到最低点；随着胚胎继续分裂，胚胎甲基化水平逐渐增加，在囊胚期甲基化水平最高；但是囊胚期四倍体胚胎内细胞团同滋养层细胞甲基化荧光信号没有差别，这与体内体外培养二倍体囊胚内细胞团细胞甲基化荧光强度高于滋养层细胞甲基化荧光强度不同。

Based on the security,efficacy,cheapness and easy gain three disinfectant drugs(acids, degerming agents,surface active agents)were chosen to killing coccidial oocysts in chicken.

本试验按照安全、有效、经济、来源容易的原则，从对鸡球虫卵囊有一定抑杀作用的三类消毒药物(酸类、消毒剂类、表面活性剂类)中，筛选了 17组不同药物和浓度的搭配组合，设计了 3个试验：抑制鸡球虫新鲜卵囊孢子化试验；抑杀孢子化卵囊试验；新鲜卵囊和孢子化卵囊经药物处理后感染小鸡试验。

With cellulose as the skeleton, gelatinized cassava starch solution and tungsten carbide were used as porogenic agent and inert densifier, respectively. The matrix prepared showed good sphericity and a logarithmic symmetrical distribution of particle size.

取得的主要结果如下：纤维素基复合层析基质的物理功能化：以再生纤维素为骨架，碳化钨粉末为增重剂，糊化木薯淀粉为制孔剂，采用&反相悬浮热再生法&和成球后去除淀粉方法，成功制备了纤维素/碳化钨复合微球，可用作层析介质的基质。

When the carbon microsphere s are graphitized under the protection of Ar at 2100～2600℃,closed-cell carbon microspheric form of graphitic structure is produced.

依据微胶囊化原理，用热固性线型酚醛树脂制得微胶囊，加热去除囊芯后用作先驱体，在N2保护下进行900~1100℃的碳化处理得到具有无定型碳结构的闭孔碳微球，然后在Ar气保护下进行2100~2600℃的石墨化处理，得到具有石墨结构的闭孔微球碳泡沫材料。

4Mm harvested in preculture, is the best. In this form, Rhizopus oryzae R1021 produced most L-lactic acid (76. 62g/L), the pellet size in production medium in flask and fermentor are 1. 9mm and 2. 6mm, respectively, and its L-lactic acid productivity reached or exceeded that of the immobilized cell with polyurethane foam. The produced L-lactic acid and the yield of L-lactic acid based on the total glucose and the productivity are above 74g/L and 74% and 2. 69g/L h, respectively, in 7 batches repetitive fermentation in fermentor, and the size of pellets remain 2. 6mm～3. 4mm.

摇瓶种子培养获得的菌球直径为1.4mm时，这种大小的菌球产酸最高，为76.62g/L；研究表明以直径1.4mm的菌球为种子，在摇瓶发酵和发酵罐发酵中菌球大小分别为1.9mm和2.6mm；这种菌球的产酸水平最高，可以达到甚至超过聚氨酯泡沫载体固定化细胞发酵乳酸的水平；在反复7批次发酵罐发酵过程中，菌球的大小始终保持在2.6mm～3.4mm之间，L-乳酸产量、得率和生产能力分别保持在74g/L、74％和2.69g/L h以上。

The kinetics behaviors of carbon electrode are studied by means of linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements. It is found that the exchange current density and diffusion coefficient of lithium increase with the increase of content of Li intercalating into carbon electrodes.

研究了各种炭材料的嵌锂动力学行为，结果表明，随着嵌锂量的增加，石墨化中间相炭微球的交换电流密度及锂在炭微球中的扩散系数增大，在充满电的状态下，锂在石墨化中间相炭微球中的扩散系数是5.58×10~(-9)cm~2·s~(-1)，远远高于在人造石墨中的扩散系数6.32×10~(-10)cm2·S~(-1)。

A simple and opeative method of discharging highly metalized pellets is obtained: first cooling the pellets to about 900℃, then discharging them directly into the open air with the metallization rate of 90%.

4本文研究得到一种较为简单有效的高金属化球团出炉冷却方式：在炉内将高金属化球团冷却至900℃左右后直接在空气中出料，金属化率可保持90％。

Float ore work mortar is a superior crack resistance and to a certain flexibility,is designed to vacuum glass ball of beads perlite insulation mortar design, is conducive to raising and protecting the ball vacuum glass of beads perlite insulation mortar comprehensive performance is vacuum-perlite insulation glass beads of mortar than with supporting materials, and is particularly importantin the whole insulation system, thin scraping thickness is batter, generally no more than 2 mm.

抹面抗裂砂浆是具有优异的抗裂和一定柔性，是专为真空球珍珠岩玻化微珠保温砂浆设计的，有利于提高和保护真空球珍珠岩玻化微珠保温砂浆的综合性能，是真空球珍珠岩玻化微珠保温砂浆比配的配套材料，在整个保温系统中尤为重要，刮抹厚度以薄为宜，一般不超过2mm。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。