现状条件

In order to realize nano feeding under large feeding force, according to the research state of nano feeding device and development tendency all over the world, combing with china "863" Program "the key technic research of nano precision drive parts having large feeding force", a scheme of nano precision drive parts with bilateral symmetrical structure using in quasi-static state conditions is proposed, the nano precision thermal drive parts are developed and the experimental system is established.

为了实现具有进给力的纳米级进给，根据国内外纳米级驱动部件的研究现状及发展趋势，结合国家&863&高科技计划资助项目&具有大进给力的纳米级驱动部件关键技术的研究&，本文首次提出一种在准静态条件下使用的具有双边对称结构的纳米级热驱动部件设计方案，并且研制纳米级热驱动部件及试验系统。

The problems in the building and development of Chinese landscape architecture discipline are analyzed in terms of the development status, the discipline connotation, the academic and social positions, the research orientation, the foregoers and teams, the innovation capability, the cultivation of graduate students, and the equipments and platform building of the discipline.

从风景园林学科的发展现状、学科内涵、学术和社会地位及其学科研究方向、学科带头人与学术队伍、科技创新能力、研究生培养、装备条件与平台建设等方面，深入分析了我国风景园林学科建设与发展中存在的问题，提出了我国风景园林学科建设的思路和对策。

There are many serious misleading in how to apply the principle of "fraud exception", whereas, it is necessary to make a legal research on the principle of "fraud exception" in light of former researches. The article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author put emphasis on the principle of abstract independence, the definition, the establishment and development of the principle of fraud exception, the analysis of the fraud, the theory, the prerequisite and the procedure of apply the principle of "fraud exception" in order to establish the general principle and necessary procedure. In the second part, the author analysis the existing backward conditions oflegislation and judicial practice in China, and courts" attitude to the judicial remedy for the principle of " fraud exception", further, the author puts forward some suggestions on how to make the legislation on the principle of "fraud exception" perfect, and how to apply the procedure of judicial remedy for the principle of "fraud exception". Lastly, the author hopes that these suggestions could benefit to the judicial practice and the future legislation on the principle of "fraud exception.

我国在加入世界贸易组织后，按照国际惯例和国际公约处理国际贸易中的纠纷己成为一种必然趋势，鉴于我国法院对如何准确适用信用证欺诈例外原则存在着严重误区，使得在先前学者研究的基础上再一次研究欺诈例外原则很有必要，本文分两个部分，第一部分对信用证独立抽象原则、信用证欺诈例外原则的定义、确立与发展、对例外原则下欺诈的分析、理论基础、适用条件以及程序等六方面展开论述，从而确立信用证欺诈例外原则的一般原则和必要的程序：第二部分主要分析我国司法实践中信用证欺诈例外原则司法救济的立法以及司法现状，及法院对欺诈例外原则的态度，从而对如何完善我国法院欺诈例外原则的法律依据以及如何正确适用欺诈例外原则的司法救济程序提出一些构思，希望为欺诈例外原则在我国的司法实践以及为以后的相应立法提供有益的参考。

Based on the basic principles of gas-druven heat pumps,combined with present biogas utilization in china,the possibility in detail that biogas replaced natural gas as working medium of gas-driven heat pumps was discussed from advantages and handicaps.

从燃气热泵的工作原理入手，结合当前我国的沼气利用现状，从有利与不利条件两方面详细论述了沼气代替天然气作为燃气热泵驱动工质的可行性。

The commonly-used capacity calculation approaches for ramp junctions are mostly based on the American HCM method, It had been approved that the headways for vehicles following the Weibull distribution function at on-ramp junctions in urban freeway system. The paper examined the critical headway and following time by the modified drew method and the survey traffic flow data on-site. The gap-acceptance capacity calculating model was developed for on-ramp junctions of urban freeway, and the numerical integration method was used to solving the model. Finally, the capacity values were obtained in condition of different mainline design speeds and different acceleration lane lengths.

针对目前国内外匝道连接段通行能力计算以美国HCM为主的现状和不足，研究发现城市快速路入口匝道连接段车头时距服从Weibull分布规律，利用改进的Drew方法及实际现场调查交通流数据确定了临界车头时距和随车时距，建立了城市快速路入口匝道连接段通行能力的间隙接受计算模型，并利用数值积分法进行计算和求解，从而得到了主线不同设计速度及不同加速车道长度条件下的城市快速路入口匝道连接段可能通行能力值。

This thesis based on the development of heilongjiang ' s green foods , through a large amount of collection and arrangement , to analyze the opportunity of development , some objective problems , course and present condition of heilongjiang ' s green food , point out the countermeasure of development of heilongjiang ' s green food . the thesis is divided into five units : unit 1 analyzes the definitions and characters of green foods , standard and signs of green food . the advantage which green food have and the significance of green food ; unit 2 analyzes the development course and present development situation of heilongjiang ' s green food based on analyzing the starter and development situation of our country , heilongjiang ' s green food past ten years , more work goes before in our country ; unit 3 analyzes the questions required dealing with which exists in development of heilongjiang ' s green foods , it indues that think is too late , the scale is too small , the way of sell is late and false is too much more ; unit 4 draws a conclusion that there is nice chance of developing green food in heilongjiang , based on using a large amount of data ; the last unit provides the ways to turn think , stronger big factories , make the sell way is more than before and draw the lay fastly , and provides appropriate countermeasures to develop heilongjiang ' s green food further i n a healthy way

本文共分五章，第一章在分析了绿色食品的概念与特点的基础上，对绿色食品的标准与标志进行了界定，并明确规定了绿色食品必须具备的条件，提出了发展绿色食品的意义；第二章在分析我国绿色食品的起步与发展概况的基础上，对黑龙江省绿色食品的发展历程和发展现状进行了分析，黑龙江省绿色食品产业经过十多年的努力，呈现了全省合力抓绿色食品，健康快速发展的好势头，并且许多工作都走在全国的前列；第三章从实证着手，分析了黑龙江省绿色食品发展中存在思想观念滞后、品牌杂、经营销售方式落后、假冒现象多等若干亟待解决的问题；第四章运用大量数据，得出黑龙江省发展绿色食品的良好机遇，为黑龙江省绿色食品的发展提供了广阔的发展空间；第五章针对黑龙江省绿色食品发展中存在的问题提出了转变传统观念、壮大龙头企业、抓好市场营销、加强绿色食品法规的制定等相应的对策，并对黑龙江省绿色食品的进一步的健康发展提出了新的思路。

Based on analyzing the low-rented house current situation of development and establishing the division standard of downtown low-income family in Shenyang by discussing deeply the finance burden of family which purchases house, several countermeasures and suggestions of developing low-rented house mode are proposed, which in order to establish the foundation for improving low-income family's living conditions and building house consumption arrangement in the city.

摘要在分析沈阳市廉租住房发展现状、建立沈阳城镇中低收入家庭划分标准的基础上，通过深入研讨购房家庭的资金负担，提出发展廉租住房模式的若干对策与建议，为改善中低收入家庭居住条件、构建城市住房消费梯次奠定了基础。

Based on the analysis of actual situation, main problem, advantage and characteristics as well as direction of worldwide packopng high - tech industry's progrss, the l5 - year's programming of China packaging high - tech industry development is studied from the packing high - tech indusny progress's guidelines, stratagem, gross and sub - item aim, key tasks as well as weighty measurers and so on.

在分析国内外包装高技术产业技术发展现状和主要问题，以及包装高技术产业发展的有利条件、特点和趋势的基础上，从包装高技术产业发展的指导方针、发展战略、总体目标、分项目标、重点任务和重大举措等方面对我国包装高技术产业未来15年发展的思路进行了研究，对有关的政策取向和保障措施提出了建议。

For each strategy, a corresponding exploitation plan of groundwater was designed. Then each designed exploitation plan (except scheme 3) was put into the model for calculation and simulation. The analysis on the forecasting results every plan indicates that:(1) Shuting down the self-provided wells is the most direct and effective method, playing an important role in the land subsidence prevention.(2) The resumption of compressed soil by groundwater artificial recharge is limited. So the artificial recharge can\'t provide essential effect for the resumption of land subsidence, unless the artificial recharge is much more than the groundwater withdrawal.(3) The method of "adjusting the exploitation stratum of groundwater to the shallow" has an obvious effect on the land subsidence prevention.(4)"Sand wells" can increase the leakage recharge for confined aquifer, and thus can slow and prevent the development of the land subsidence.(5) For the groundwater exploitation in Xi\'an, emergency self-provided wells should be managed according to the well spacing of 1600m, 2000m and 1600m, respectively, in the river terrace area, alluvial-proluvial fan area and loess tableland area to exploit the first confined groundwater. Corresponding individual well yield can be set as 2500m~3/d, 1500 m~3/d and 200 m~3/d. Make emergency self-provided wells pump in the dry year and stop pumping groundwater to restore and conserve underground water sources in average years and wet years. In this way, groundwater withdrawal of 162000m~3/d can be obtained to provide for the supplement of water supply in Xi\'an. As a result, the water supply stress can be released in dry years. The groundwater depression formed in the exploiting year can resume in 3-4 years. At the same time, this exploitation manner will not lead to obvious land subsidence.

本文利用所建的模型预测了现状开采条件下未来20年的地下水位和地面沉降的变化，在此基础上，提出了防治西安市地面沉降的五个地下水开采方案，利用所建的地面沉降模型对各个设计方案其进行了模拟和预报，对预测结果的分析表明：①封停自备井是防治地面沉降最为直接和最有效的对策，对防治地面沉降起着最为积极的作用；②采用人工回灌方法使被压缩的土层得到的恢复是非常有限的，对地面沉降不能起到根治作用，只有回灌量明显大于开采量时才能有一定的效果；③&调整开采层次，在浅层取水&对防治地面沉降的效果十分明显；④布设&砂井&可以增加对承压含水层的越流补给量，从而可以有效地缓解和控制地面沉降的发生和发展；⑤对西安市的地下水开采，可在河流阶地区、冲洪积扇区和黄土塬区分别采用1600m、2000m、1600m的井间距布置应急自备井，分别采用2500m~3/d、1500 m~3/d和200 m~3/d的单井开采量，开采第一承压水，在平水年或者丰水年不开采，涵养地下水源，在枯水年启动这些应急自备井开采，在输出分析范围内共可获得162000 m~3/d(5913万m~3/a)开采量，可以有效地补充西安市的供水水源，缓解供水紧张局面，开采年开采导致的下降的水位可在停采3～4年后得到基本恢复，同时，这种开采方式不会造成大的地面沉降量。

Current status and principal problems concerned in the production of biodiesel from rapeseed oil in China and other countries were introduced, based on which it was proposed to grow high-erucic acid rape in existing winter fallow fields and jointly produce biodiesel, erucic acid and its derivative products, and other highly valuable by-products such as glycerin and sterols from high-erucic acid rapeseed oil.

在介绍国内外菜籽油制备生物柴油产业发展现状和存在的主要问题的基础上，提出了利用现有冬闲田生产高芥酸油菜籽，以高芥酸菜籽油为原料联产制备生物柴油、芥酸及其系列衍生产品和甘油、甾醇类化合物等高值副产品对策，并从产品用途与市场需求潜力、企业经济效益、生产技术和条件、原料来源等几方面分析了这一发展对策的可行性。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。