现实政治

There are two absolute converse attitudes about sustained development of social economic among the classis economist, one is Adam Smith as the delegation of pessimist, the other is Malthus as the delegation of pessimist. Marx and Engles developed the continuous development by summarizing others' thinking, but the next economists discarded the theory of Marx after October Liberation in Russia and Chinese Liberation got success. Serious fact tells us: Political economics can't discard the concept of sustained development which the basic theory in political economics.

古典经济学家对社会经济的可持续性问题存在着两种截然不同的看法，一种是以亚当斯密为代表的乐观派，一种是以马尔萨斯为代表的悲观派；马克思、恩格斯在总结前人思想的基础上，发展了可持续发展思想；但是，苏联十月革命胜利和中国革命胜利后的政治经济学却舍弃了马克思恩格斯的这些思想；严酷的现实告诉我们，政治经济学不能抛弃可持续发展观念，可持续发展应当是政治经济学的一个基本思想。

The are i sl am ic - fuedam ental i sm m ovem ent di d notpred any reaiStic aPPrOaches to change the reality Meanwhile, lttnde 1s1amic poihcs ed M sacrd, advocates," based on lslamismand Pthctice with weStem apProaches". thus, seperate the cultura1 andpecal bohon and economic develOPmen1, whch is areng eventheofctical1y.

然而，由于它未能提出任何改变现实的切实可行的措施，对于改变现实无能为力；同时它将伊斯兰政治，文化传统神圣化，主张以&伊斯兰为体西学为用&充全割裂了政治文化传统与经济发展的关系，介邵ilL讲山是错误的。

The social level structure is defined from its basic conception, in-depth meaning and characteristics. The term refers to a functional being and social reality, a unity of physical space and value space as well as connectional and theoretical existence. Viewed from the perspective of political philosophy, the social level structure is a political sovereignty grading or ladder in a state who values the supremacy of sovereignty, penetrating into economic, cultural and social fields, universally forming social relationship. Based on general social structure, social system and political sovereignty, the social level structure is an abstractly summary of social hierarchy which is neither a copy of political structure nor simply addition of economic, cultural and social structure. The social level structure is long hidden but universally existing, deeply affecting and shaping social system, people's life and thinking. Based on the above, the thesis probes the social foundation, evolutional law, fundamental quality, running mechanism, historical function, current significant and the reform necessity.

从社会层级结构概念的基本规定、深层意蕴和性状表现三个方面界定社会层级结构概念，认为社会层级结构既是一种实体性存在和社会现实，也是一种观念性存在和理论构造，是物理空间和意义空间的统一；从政治哲学视野，社会层级结构是在政治国家内部按照权力至上的方式形成的权力级别或权力阶梯，并渗透到经济、文化、社会领域，形成具有普遍性的社会关系体系；它以总体社会结构为依托，以社会制度为外化，以政治权力为中轴；它既不是政治结构的翻版，不是社会阶层结构的别名，也不是经济、文化、社会结构的简单叠加，而是对它们层级性的一种抽象和概括；这种结构长期隐而不显，但却无处不在、无时不有，深深地影响和牢牢地控制着社会制度、人的生活和人的思维方式。

The whole Party pitching in and taking charge of this work.(9) setting typical examples for people to follow them. In chapter 4, the author suggests that ideological and political work is our Party"s "lifeline" and "central link, which must be carried forward and brought forth new ideas. According to such new situations and cases as the diversity of social life, the globalization of economy and information, the new struggle situation in the ideological sphere and so on. ideological and political work needs new ideas, and the work must adhere to the major principles as follows:(1) To correctly deal with the relationship of strengthening and improvement succession and innovation as well as creatively carrying out work based on strengthening and carrying forward.(2) To respect the mass initial creation spirit, further consolidate the consciousness of practice and unceasingly sum up and spread the new experiences of ideological and political work.(3) To adhere to realities, master the law and intensify the aim.(4) To make use of modem scientific technology and results of social science.(5) Under the premise of insisting on the above principles, to forcefully bring forth new ideas into ideologic

在第四章中，笔者提出思想政治工作是我党的&生命线&和&中心环节&，必须继承和发扬这一优良传统；新的形势和新的情况，如社会生活的多样性、经济和信息的全球化、思想领域斗争的新形势等，要求思想政治工作必须创新；思想政治工作创新必须坚持以下主要原则：必须正确处理好加强和改进、继承与创新的关系，在加强和继承的基础上创造性地开展工作；必须充分尊重群众的首创精神，进一步强化实践意识，不断总结推广思想政治工作的新经验；必须贴近现实、把握规一津、增强针对性：必须应用现代科学技术和社会科学的发展成果；在坚持以上原则的前提下，新时期思想政治工作必须在观念和思路、内容和载体、方法和手段以及制度方面予以重大创新。

For a quite long period of time, it has become the main tradition in American politics with the rapid economic development in America in the late 19th century. The weak government power caused by the liberalistic politics could not adapt itself to the new social reality, and the American politics was faced with crisis during this period....

随着19世纪后期美国经济的迅速发展，自由主义政治所导致的政府权力弱小已无法适应新的社会现实，这一时期美国政治面临巨大的危机。19世纪末20世纪初美国进步主义运动把加强政府权力作为其政治改革的主要内容，美国政治由自由主义逐渐走向国家主义。

The practical countermeasure of Han Fei-zi's political thoughts focuses on two parts: First, on the relationship of political order and political justice, he insists on taking order first as the premise of political value; Second, to surviving and developing in a age of power campaign, domestic management and national power enhancement are extremely important, so he proposes (1) Enriching Nation and Strengthening Army, Attaching Great Importance to Agriculture and Restraining Commerce;(2) Punishing Arrogated Minister, Strictly Enforcing the Judicial Reforms, and Changing habits and customs.

韩非子政治思想的现实对策主要包括两个方面的内容：其一，在政治秩序与政治正义之间的关系问题上，主张&秩序优先&前提下实现政治价值；其二，欲在&争于气力&生存与发展，强调内政治理、增强国力的极端重要性，主张(1)富国强兵，重农抑商，(2)惩治重臣，厉行法治，移风易俗。

On the one hand, she pointedly expects to guide the political and social process according to her inner spirit and written principles and regulations, on the other hand, she whishes herself to be adaptable, so that she can keep abreast of the consistently developing process of social and political life.

一 面宪法之宏旨在于以其内在的精神、规则与原则指导现实的社会与政治生活的过程；另一面，宪法亦期望自身能够不断成长以适应现实中不断发展的社会与政治生活。

The article combines theory and practice as well as history and reality .It aims to provide a new theoretical point of v ie w for the political development of china through the detailed analysis.

全文主要运用了理论与实际、历史与现实相结合的研究方法，其价值在于通过对政治竞争的理论和实践、历史和现实的分析，为我国政治发展提供一个新的理论视角。

George Eliot, with her profound political insight, originally combined the structures of the political paradoxes of the society with her artistic paradoxical narrative structures, narrating the progress of political modernization in the modality of violent riots in the political reform in Felix Holt, the Radical, that of the slapsticks in the election in Middlemarch, and that of the supremacy and aggressiveness in Daniel Deronda.

乔治·爱略特以独特的政治洞察力，创造性地把英国现实生活中的政治现代化悖论与小说悖论语言叙述结构的艺术结合起来，在《弗利克斯·霍尔特》中描述激烈的暴动冲突式的政治现代化演进形式，在《米德尔马契》中描述竞选闹剧式的政治现代化演进形式，在《丹尼尔·德隆达》中描述霸权扩张式的政治现代化演进方式。

They are the infiltrations of ideology to our country by western hostile force, the establishment and perfectment of socialism market economy system, the rapid development of Hi-Tech and informationization. Those are exerting tremendous influence on ideological and political education. These are the realistic terms and realistic environmentses in developing ideological and political education successfully.

重点分析了西方敌对势力加紧对我进行意识形态的渗透、社会主义市场经济体制的确立和完善、高科技和信息化的迅猛发展对思想政治教育的巨大影响，这是成功地开展思想政治教育的现实条件和现实环境。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。