现实主义的

Notes from Underground played an important role in the development of realist fiction.

注意到地下发挥了重要作用，发展的现实主义小说。

The representative figure of the "Cynical Realist" movement, his major work is the "bald-headed series" of oil paintings.

中国"玩世现实主义"艺术风格的代表人物之一。主要作品为"光头系列"油画。

Only like Balzac, like Tolstoy, the number of such works can be said, because they are real writers.

只有像巴尔扎克，像托尔斯泰，这样的一些作品可以说是，因为他们是现实主义作家。

They lose themselves in the titillation of language and form; they are infatuated with fragmentary appropriations of the classics; they are infatuated with the emptiness of decline and the passion of desire. As with the Western artists Jan Saudek and Joel-Peter Witkin, 'real-world objects should give up any idea of entering my pictures,' unless they undergo restructuring—by the artist's own taste and proclivities, by an amalgam of memory and fantasy, by a tone of pensive irony, or by seemingly absurd but in fact accurate imagination, thus restructuring the individual's relation to reality. It does not hurt to call these artists' work realism, but it is a kind of 'psychological realism' which 'extracts a deeper level of genuineness from fictive objects.

他们迷恋于语言与形式的快感，迷恋于对文化经典的片断性挪用，迷恋于衰朽的虚无或色欲的激情，与简·索德克、乔·彼得·威金（Joel-Peter Witkin）那样的西方艺术家相似，"现实中的事物永远别想进入画面"，除非是经过了他们的重构——以其个人的趣味与癖好，以混合着追忆与幻想、伤感与反讽的语调，以看似荒诞其实准确的想象力，重构了个人与现实之间的关系，你也不妨将他们的作品称之为现实主义，但那是一种"心理现实主义"——"从虚构的事物之中抽取出更深层的真实。"

Based upon such an expected aim, this thesis, using the form of commentary history of literature, has rather deeply discussed in the 20th century China's realism literature initiating problems situations, its beginning motives and actual development orientation, the problem of multiplication and univalence as one of the inner forming elements, the relationship between literature types and social cognition, problems concerning realism literature and modern China's internal anxiety, by focusing on problems such as"from Liang Qichao to Hu Shi,""Young Mao Dun's Upholding in Literature","Around Modern ","Lu Xun and the New Paradigms in Chinese Literature","Lao She's Style and His Concept about China", and"Hu Feng and Modern China's Subjective Anxiety", etc.

基于此一预期目的，本论文采用史论形式，以问题为中心选择了"从梁启超到胡适"、"青年茅盾的文学主张"、"在《现代》周围"、"鲁迅与中国文学的新范式"、"老舍的文体和他的中国观"及"胡风与现代中国的主体焦虑"等专题，较为深入地探讨了现实主义文学在20世纪中国兴起的问题情境、它的初始动机和实际发展路向、作为其内在构成要素之一的多样性与单一化问题、文学型式与社会认知之间的关系、现实主义文学与现代中国的内在焦虑等问题。

Flaubert's "objective description" not only has the characteristics of Balzacian realism, but the characteristics of naturalistic literature as well. His particular esteem for language has already contained some postmodernist elements.

福楼拜的&客观的描写&不仅有巴尔扎克式的现实主义，又有自然主义文学的现实主义特点，尤其是，他对艺术作品的形式——语言的推崇，已经包涵了某些后现代意识。

My opinion that "art is the most political realm" is derived from the avant-garde. With Jin's Great Economic Retreat, what I want to say to them is that not all works that reflect China's realities are realist reflectionist. More importantly, what kind of works can be differentiated from "reform and open-door realist art"?

我的诸如&艺术是最政治的领域&的主张都是从前卫艺术而来的，就金江波的《经济大撤退》图片，我要回应他们的是：与中国现实社会结合的作品不全都是现实主义反映论的，更重要的是：什么样的社会作品才能区别于&改革开放现实主义艺术&？

In "Dislocated Modernity: A Retrospect on Narratives in Contemporary Chinese Art," Gao Minglu pointed out that contemporary Chinese art is characterized by the prevalence of realist reflectionist theory, including works that have made their way into the Western exhibition circuit. Specifically citing photographic works to illustrate this point, he writes that Western interest in Chinese photography is explained by their use of it to observe concrete changes affecting China. As such, in this article is an excerpt of Gao Minglu's brilliant analysis

高名潞在《现代性错位：对中国当代艺术叙事的反思》一文中提示了中国当代艺术中的一个事实，即这种艺术中普遍存在着现实主义反映论的特征，就是进入西方展览系统的中国当代艺术也主要是现实主义反映论的作品，他还特地举了图片，来说明这个问题，即西方对中国的图片关注是西方人通过这些图片来看中国现实变化，所以在这篇文章中，高名潞有一段非常精彩的论述

This thesis contains three parts.The first part is to explore the polemics of national interests on viewpoints and research methods between idealism and realism.The second part emphasises on study the innovation of research approach on national interests adv ocated by Behaviorism,and traditionalistic revise on its standpoints and research methods under the influence of this.

全文主要分为三个部分：第一部分，主要考察了理想主义和传统现实主义围绕国家利益这个概念在观点上的论争；第二部分，着重探讨了科学行为主义对国家利益研究方法的革新，以及传统主义受其影响的观点与方法修正；第三部分，重点论述了新现实主义与新自由主义关于国家利益的逻辑推导和主要观点，以及建构主义在对理性主义范式批判的基础上所形成的议程焦点。

Naturalism and realism to portray the same emphasis on the objective reality of the accurate picture of life, but the difference is that the tendency should be realistic and the plot from the scene revealed to naturally, it should not be pointing out in particular, while natural Literature and the fundamental negative should be subject to a certain degree of political and moral purpose, that literature should be to maintain absolute neutrality and objectivity.

自然主义与现实主义一样偏重于描绘客观现实生活的精确的图画，但不同的是，现实主义认为倾向应当从场面和情节中自然而然地流露出来，不应当特别把它指点出来，而自然主义则根本否定文学应当服从于一定的政治的和道德的目的，认为文学应当保持绝对的中立和客观。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。