现实主义的

From these 4 studies, we could got the following conclusions:(1) The CPAI 22 traits could be divided into two categories, with the changing of age, period and cohort, type I traits didn't change, they were Logical vs Affective Orientation, Enterprise, Responsibility, Inferiority vs Self-Acceptance, Optimism vs Pessimism, Face, Family, Defensive, Graciousness vs Meanness; While with the changing of age, period and cohort, type II traits changed, they were Leadership, Self vs. Social Orientation, Veraciousness vs Slickness, Traditionalism vs Modernity, Harmony, Renqing, Meticulousness, Extraversion vs Introversion, Emotionality, Practical Mindedness, Internal vs External Locus of Control, Thrift vs Extravagance, Discipline.

总结上述四个研究的结果，我们可以得出如下结论：（1）CPAI所包含的人格特质可以分为两类，第一类人格特质不随社会发展的时间与空间分布以及年龄、代群发生明显的变化，这些人格特质包含：理智-情感、开拓性、责任感、自卑-自信、乐-悲观、面子、亲情、防御性、宽容-刻薄；第二类人格特质随着社会发展、年龄与代群三个纵向变量的发生一致性变化或者交互变化，这些人格特质包含：领导性、自我-社会取向、老实-圆滑、传统-现代性、和谐性、人情、严谨性、外向性、情绪性、务实性、外控性、节俭性、纪律性；同时，功能差异项目构成的问卷揭示出五个受社会环境影响很大的心理特征，它们分别是：犬儒-现实主义的生活态度、心理适应性、外圆内方的应对风格、自我效能感、个体主义的价值观。

In 5 century B.C., ancient Grecian historian Thucydides had ever described this case . In the early 1950's, American and Britain scholars John Herz and Herbert Butterfield formally put forward this concept. Because of the cold war between America and Soviet, at the same time, realism and neorealism lying in the leading position of international relations theory academia, security dilemma plays eminent role in interstate relations after World War Two.

早在公元前5世纪古希腊历史学家修昔底德就对这一情形有所描述。20世纪50年代初，美英学者赫兹和巴特菲尔德正式提出这一概念，由于美苏两个超级大国爆发冷战、对峙乃至军备竞赛，以及现实主义和新现实主义在国际关系理论界居主导地位，"安全困境"在战后国际关系中发挥着显赫的作用。

Although realism is the most practical and most complete interpretive theory under the anarchic condition, but it becomes tenuity in explaining cause and effect after Waltz's structural realism came into existence, and this mainly because of the absence of Waltz 's structural realism in domestic political study.

本文讨论的是沃尔兹结构现实主义在国内政治研究上的缺失。作者认为现实主义作为无政府状态下最实用、最全面的解释性理论发展到沃尔兹结构现实主义理论后，之所以出现因果解释上的贫乏，主要因为该理论在国内政治研究上的缺失。

In this thesis, the author compared Bi Feiyu with those traditional realistic writers form three aspects: the intimate extent between the writer and the readers; the recognition to the authenticity and typicalness of the details; the similarities and differences about the world outlook. Therefore, the author claims that perhaps it is more suitable to define Bi Feiyu as "Psychological Realism" or "Spontaneous Realism".

本文从作者与人物的疏离程度、对细节真实与典型的不同认识、世界观的异同等方面区分了毕飞宇与传统现实主义作家，认为如果以发展的眼光来看待现实主义，那么将他定义为"心理的现实主义"或"写意的现实主义"或许更为恰当。

Over a rather long time, the concept generally accepted by us meant the human art history witnessed the conflict between realism and antirealism, while our traditional Chinese "wenrenhua (painting of man-of-letters)" was judged by principles of popular Western realism.

采用别的方法，如用象征寓意的或抽象、荒诞语言的艺术，即使有现实的品格和精神，常常被归入到别的主义里去。20世纪以来，我们先后提倡过现实主义、革命的现实主义、&革命现实主义与革命浪漫主义相结合&的方法。

His political thought is a kind of realism that benefits the realization of political value and political ideal, not a kind of immoralism that throws them out of the door.

韩非子的现实主义政治思想是有利于政治价值、政治理想实现的现实主义，而不是抛弃政治理想、政治价值的&非道德主义&的现实主义。

Much as Gao's analysis is used to critique the problems arising from the West's selection of contemporary Chinese art, the application of this realist reflectionist approach on contemporary art is also remarkably popular among critics in China today.

高名潞的这段论述虽然是用来批评西方在选择中国艺术时出现的问题，但用这种现实主义反映论来论证当代艺术的方法在中国当下的评论界也随处可见，他们把前卫艺术的介入社会，理解成反映社会，然后把反映社会现实的作品当作当代艺术，所谓的现在是数码时代，艺术要反映数码，现在是卡通时代，艺术要反映卡通，还有就是高名潞所批评的，只要在艺术中反映了一点中国的变化就是当代艺术，而其实它只是现实主义反映论的一种表现，鲁虹等人的文章都属于这一类，我称为&改革开放现实主义艺术&模式，我们看到今天的中国艺术和评论都是在这种模式中制造当代艺术的假象。

If this paper has some innovation it should be owed to my teacher, Professor Kong Fanjin, just with his macro-view of the 20〓 century literature I tried to renewably sort out the momentous phenomenon of "The Conversion from literay revolution to Revolutionary Literature" and clarify its internal logic.

可以说，恩格斯所要求的现实主义文学，在我国是到了30年代这一批左翼青年作家手里才得以比较广泛地实现，他们的涌现标志着新文学现实主义真正结束了&革命文学&的时代并迈入一个新的阶段，而新文学的现实主义潮流也正因为有了这样一支新生力量，才能够以浩大声势继续向前发展。

Realism: The attempt in literature and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people. This has led, sometimes, to an emphasis on sordid details.

现实主义：在文学和艺术中按照生活的本来面目去反映生活，不把它感伤化也不把它完美化，现实主义文学作品往往展现日常生活和普通大众，这就会导致了现实主义文学通常会反映社会的阴暗面。

It is not difficult to find that three ways of artistic creation coexisted in the tradition of western modern art during the past one hundred years: the first was the traditional realism, including the "radical realism" proposed by intellectuals and middle class in capitalist societies, the "neutral natural realism" and the "critical realism" in socialist countries.

在西方过去一百年的现代艺术的传统中，不难看到有三种艺术创作方式同时在发展：一种是传统的现实主义，包括资本主义社会中知识分子和中产阶级所主张的&激进的现实主义&和&中立的、自然的现实主义&，也包括社会主义国家的&批判现实主义&。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了